Other Plants

In spite of extensive research on alkaloid biosynthesis, the active site remains unknown for many plants. Some data are available that confirm, in part, the ideas mentioned above. Shibata and Imaseki (1953, 1956) fed shoots of Ephedra distachya with [ N] ammonium sulfate and found after one week that the isotope was in the alkaloid. The same authors three years later fed [ N] phenylalanine in the same way and verified that the shoot was able to synthesize alkaloids from the applied precursor. The alkaloids of 

Cinchona are produced predominantly in the aerial part of the plant, since the scions of C. ledgeriana are rich in alkaloids regardless of the root on which they are grafted. In this species, the level of alkaloids and the qualitative composition invariably remain the same, whether the plants are grown on their own roots or are grafted on roots of C. succirubra (Moens, 1882). Moerloose (1954) found that the leaves and bark produce radioactive alkaloids when exposed to C02 the rate of growth was related to alkaloid production. 

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In the case of a liquid recycle, the cost of this pressure increase is usually small. Pumps usually have low capital and operating costs relative to other plant items. On the other hand, to increase the pressure of material in the vapor phase for recycle requires a compressor. Compressors tend to have a high capital cost and large power requirements giving higher operating costs. 

Soluble in water and alcohol. It is a very feeble base. It occurs in beets and mangolds and many other plants, and can conveniently be prepared from beet molasses. 

Pectin also contains araban and galactan. Il is present in fruits, root vegetables and other plant products, and confers on jams their typical gelling property. Pectin is manufactured as a white powder, soluble in water, and used to assist the setting of jams and jellies, and for numerous other purposes. Low melhoxyl pectins, with under 7% methoxyl, give firmer gels than pectins proper. 

C7H6O4. Crystallizes with IH2O m.p. 199" C. It occurs in the free state in the onion and other plants is a constituent of one group of tannins, and is a product of the alkaline decomposition of resins. 

H02C(CH2)2C02H. Colourless prisms m.p. 182 C, b.p. 235°C. Occurs in amber, algae, lichens, sugar cane, beets and other plants, and is formed during the fermentation of sugar, tartrates, malates and other substances by a variety of yeasts, moulds and bacteria. Manufactured by the catalytic reduction of maleic acid or by heating 1,2-dicyanoethane with acids or alkalis. Forms an anhydride when heated at 235°C. Forms both acid and neutral salts and esters. Used in the manufacture of succinic anhydride and of polyesters with polyols. 

The ease with which amines are extracted into aqueous acid combined with their regeneration on treatment with base makes it a simple matter to separate amines from other plant materials and ni trogen containing natural products were among the earliest organic compounds to be studied Their basic... 

Although some very minor manufacturers of acryhc acid may still use hydrolysis of acrylonitrile (see below), essentially all other plants woddwide use the propylene oxidation process. 

Locust bean gum is not completely soluble in cold water it must be heated to 80°C and cooled to attain a stable solution that has high viscosity at low concentrations. The gum is compatible with other plant gums and the viscosity of solutions is not appreciably affected by pH or salts. 

Ideally, a process plant should be examined for its total energy consumption (see Energy management). Other plant energy systems are under consideration (18) and should eventually be included in this type of analysis. This would include not only process thermal energy and shaft energy, but pumping requirements and electrical power as well. 

Other auxin-like herbicides (2,48) include the chlorobenzoic acids, eg, dicamba and chloramben, and miscellaneous compounds such as picloram, a substituted picolinic acid, and naptalam (see Table 1). Naptalam is not halogenated and is reported to function as an antiauxin, competitively blocking lAA action (199). TIBA is an antiauxin used in receptor site and other plant growth studies at the molecular level (201). Diclofop-methyl and diclofop are also potent, rapid inhibitors of auxin-stimulated response in monocots (93,94). Diclofop is reported to act as a proton ionophore, dissipating cell membrane potential and perturbing membrane functions. 

Some nut trees accumulate mineral elements. Hickory nut is notable as an accumulator of aluminum compounds (30) the ash of its leaves contains up to 37.5% of AI2O2, compared with only 0.032% of aluminum oxide in the ash of the Fnglish walnut s autumn leaves. As an accumulator of rare-earth elements, hickory greatly exceeds all other plants their leaves show up to 2296 ppm of rare earths (scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). The amounts of rare-earth elements found in parts of the hickory nut are kernels, at 5 ppm shells, at 7 ppm and shucks, at 17 ppm. The kernel of the Bra2d nut contains large amounts of barium in an insoluble form when the nut is eaten, barium dissolves in the hydrochloric acid of the stomach. 

The potassium or calcium salt form of oxaUc acid is distributed widely ia the plant kingdom. Its name is derived from the Greek o>ys, meaning sharp or acidic, referring to the acidity common ia the foflage of certain plants (notably Oxalis and Mmex) from which it was first isolated. Other plants ia which oxahc acid is found are spinach, rhubarb, etc. Oxahc acid is a product of metabohsm of fungi or bacteria and also occurs ia human and animal urine the calcium salt is a principal constituent of kidney stones. 

In an important next step, it has been found that flowers and other plant parts can be analyzed by using head space techniques without removing them from the living plant (3). It was immediately observed that there are remarkable differences in the volatile compositions observed from Hve and picked flowers. This is exemplified for jasmine flowers in Table 3. Reconstitutions produced from this information have provided perfumers with novel and fresh notes for use in their creations. This technique continues to be appHed to many kinds and varieties of flowers, leaves (herbs, spices), and fmits. The reasons for the remarkable differences observed are not known. 

Sewer Disposal. Photoprocessing and printing wastes tend to be aqueous solutions that ate combined with other plant effluents and sent to the local sewer plant for treatment. The parameters of concern include silver, pH, and biological oxygen demand (BOD). BOD is a measure of how well a waste material degrades in the environment. Lower values ate preferred. Silver-bearing waste streams ate typically treated on-site, and the treated effluent is released to the drain. The printer usually receives a small cash credit for silver recovered. 

Soluble sodium sibcate glass sobd and bquid (anhydrous). Excludes quantities consumed in the manufacture of meta-, ortho-, and sesquisibcates. Includes quantities consumed in the manufacture of glass powder, hydrated glasses, and precipitated products. Shipment figures include unspecified amounts shipped to other plants for the manufacture of meta-, ortho-, or sesquisibcates. 

In operations similar to the E. ashbjii procedures, the closely related fungus Jishbjagossjpii gave similar yields. Thus, a yield of 7.3 g/L was obtained with a lyoptulked culture in a medium containing fat, leather glue, and com extracts (50), and 6.420 g/L with bone or hide fat, alone or in a mixture with other plant or animal fats as the carbon source (51). The yield from immersed cultures ofM. gossjpii was increased to 6.93—7.20 g/L by use of waste fats or technical cod-Hver oil (52). 

Hemicelluloses and Related Polysaccharides. HemiceUuloses [9034-32-6] are a large group of polysaccharides that are associated with ceUulose in the primary and secondary ceU waUs of aU higher plants, but otherwise have no relationship to ceUulose (2). They are also present in some other plants. 

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