Other Models for the Shape

Poutanen and Johnson (PI) show that the equation of a lituus (r = 1) resembled the true shape of a gas bubble forming at a submerged nozzle. They varied this geometry by using r 0 = 1, to describe such shapes quite accurately. Their method for calculating area involves a shape factor similar to that of Andreas et al. (A2), with a series of auxiliary graphs. Area becomes 

Using a digital computer, they established tables of A and V for various values of 6 and n. The method should be equally applicable to liquid 

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