Other Equipment

This category contains a number of solid/liquid separation technologies that do not fit conveniently into the other broader classifications. 

Depending on the specific types of energetic material that is produced at a given facility, other equipment shonld be on hand for quality control work, as well as research and development work. This conld inclnde light and color analysis for illuminant 

Weast (Ed.), CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 75th ed., Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 1994. 

Energetics of propellants, fuels, and explosives A chemical valence approach. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 12, 188 (1987). 

Shidlovskiy, Principles of pyrotechnics, 3rd ed., Moscow, 1964. (Translated as Report FTD-HC-23-1704—74 by Foreign Technology Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1974.) 

Pytlewski, The unstable chemistry of nitrogen, presented at Pyrotechnics and Explosives Seminar P-81, Philadelphia Franklin Research Center, August 1981. 

Occasionally all the valves on a ring main would be closed and the pressure in a pump rise to danger point. No one appeared to realize that there was anything wrong with this state of affairs. 

Incidents involving storage tanks, stacks, pipelines, and pressure vessels have been described in Chapters 5, 6, and 9. This chapter describes some incidents involving other items of equipment. 

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Certain types of equipment are specifically excluded from the scope of the directive. It is self-evident that equipment which is already regulated at Union level with respect to the pressure risk by other directives had to be excluded. That is the case with simple pressure vessels, transportable pressure equipment, aerosols and motor vehicles. Other equipment, such as carbonated drink containers or radiators and piping for hot water systems are excluded from the scope because of the limited risk involved. Also excluded are products which are subject to a minor pressure risk which are covered by the directives on machinery, lifts, low voltage, medical devices, gas appliances and on explosive atmospheres. A further and last group of exclusions refers to equipment which presents a significant pressure risk, but for which neither the free circulation aspect nor the safety aspect necessitated their inclusion. 

All the other equipment must comply to the essential requirements. These are rather detailed, some are of a more descriptive nature. They contain precise requirements in particular with respect to the capability of a manufacturer and to a set of safety factors for the most common pressure equipment. 

Its importance depends on the nuclear property of being readily fissionable with neutrons and its availability in quantity. The world s nuclear-power reactors are now producing about 20,000 kg of plutonium/yr. By 1982 it was estimated that about 300,000 kg had accumulated. The various nuclear applications of plutonium are well known. 238Pu has been used in the Apollo lunar missions to power seismic and other equipment on the lunar surface. As with neptunium and uranium, plutonium metal can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with alkaline-earth metals. 

An EMEA table contains a series of columns for the equipment reference number, the name of the piece of equipment, a description of the equipment type, configuration, service characteristics, etc, which may impact the fadure modes and/or effects, and aflst of the fadure modes. Table 2 provides a Hst of representative fadure modes for valves, pumps, and heat exchangers. The last column of the EMEA table is reserved for a description of the immediate and ultimate effects of each of the fadure modes on other equipment and the system. 

Sizing of the cmshed and ground product is a necessary step prior to any mineral processing operation, and in the production of a product having a specific size. Controlling the size of material fed to other equipment is important. AH equipment has an optimum size range of material that it can handle most efficiently. Size separation can be achieved either by screening (for coarser particles) or by classification (for fines) (see also Separation, size). 

Tungsten has Htde effect on recrystallization temperature or the high temperature properties of molybdenum. However, the Mo—30% W alloy is recognized as a standard commercial alloy for stirrers, pipes, and other equipment that is required to be in contact with molten zinc during processing of the metal and in galvanizing and die casting operations. 

Health and Safety. Petroleum and oxygenate formulas are either flammable or combustible. Flammables must be used in facUities that meet requirements for ha2ardous locations. Soak tanks and other equipment used in the removing process must meet Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for use with flammable Hquids. Adequate ventilation that meets the exposure level for the major ingredient must be attained. The work environment can be monitored by active air sampling and analysis of charcoal tubes. 

Pilot-plant design specifications should be estabUshed only after careful consideration of the experimental program because decisions on the accuracy of instmments, analyzers, and other equipment should be based on the requirements of the experiments planned for the unit. FlexibiUty and versatihty ate important but costly when provided unnecessarily or too profusely they can result in a unit that is difficult or impossible to operate successfully... 

Fig. 3. Rough layout sketch (/) the two fined heaters F-1 and F-2 are located together but are separated from the other equipment with a subpipeway connecting the process area to the heater area (2) the reboiler E-2 is located adjacent to its column, T-1. The preheat exchanger E-4 is located adjacent to tower T-3 (J) the elevated overhead condenser E-3 is located next to the overhead accumulator V-1. Also, the ain condenser EE-3 is located adjacent to its overhead accumulator V-2 (4) the rest of the ain coolers (EE-1—3, -5) are grouped together ia a common fan stmcture (5) all equipment and related piping is routed to and from the existing piperack saving the addition of a new piperack (6) all pumps (P-1—P-6) are located ia a row under the piperack, and each...

The way the equipment is located on the background is based on the process flow sequence. Again, certain equipment such as fired heaters can be situated first to put them at a safe distance from other equipment. Other large equipment may have to be located where the soH-beariag load is best. 

Whenever a change in piping direction occurs, the elevation of the pipe mn should also change. If the main piperack is at an elevation of 4 m, then the lateral piping can either go up to 5 m or drop down to 3 m. The piperack can also provide the support for air coolers and other equipment such as elevated dmms. 

Group consisting of a primary piece of process equipment together with associated loops, devices, and elements to accomplish an activity usually consists of equipment shared with other equipment... 

Tellurium-chilled kon has been used in mining, automotive, railroad, and other equipment. Tellurium used as a coating for molds and cores, so-called corewashes, eliminates troublesome localized shrinkage in castings. These corewashes may contain ca 25% tellurium the remainder consists mainly of siUca and some bentonite. 

Saline Water for Municipal Distribution. Only a very small amount of potable water is actually taken by people or animals internally, and it is quite uneconomical to desalinate all municipally piped water, although all distributed water must be clear and free of harmful bacteria. Most of the water piped to cities and industry is used for Htfle more than to carry off small amounts of waste materials or waste heat. In many locations, seawater can be used for most of this service. If chlorination is requited, it can be accompHshed by direct electrolysis of the dissolved salt (21). Arrayed against the obvious advantage of economy, there are several disadvantages use of seawater requites different detergents sewage treatment plants must be modified the usual metal pipes, pumps, condensers, coolers, meters, and other equipment corrode more readily chlorination could cause environmental poUution and dual water systems must be built and maintained. 

Distillers employ a somewhat unique process to make various products and have tailored approaches to control and reduce ethyl carbamate to their own particular process. Some of the methods used are the use of copper packing in the rectifying section of stills, increased frequency of cleaning stills and other equipment, and using a cool-down period in the cleaning procedure. Increased rectification also reduces ethyl carbamate. Keeping the system clean is critical to minimising ethyl carbamate. 

The steam balance in the plant shown in Figure 2 enables all pumps and blowers to be turbine-driven by high pressure steam from the boiler. The low pressure exhaust system is used in the reboiler of the recovery system and the condensate returns to the boiler. Although there is generally some excess power capacity in the high pressure steam for driving other equipment, eg, compressors in the carbon dioxide Hquefaction plant, all the steam produced by the boiler is condensed in the recovery system. This provides a weU-balanced plant ia which few external utiUties are required and combustion conditions can be controlled to maintain efficient operation. 

Eor printing on polyester, the fixation conditions are more rigorous than on other disperse dyeable fibers, owing to the slower diffusion of disperse dyes in polyester. Eor continuous fixation the prints are exposed at atmospheric pressure to superheated steam of 170—180°C for 6—8 min. A carrier may be added to the print paste for accelerated and fliU fixation. Dry-heat fixation conditions of 170—215°C for 1—8 min are less popular for printed fabrics, but are sometimes employed because of lack of other equipment. 

Other Equipment Cost ModiEers. Temperature, pressure, or corrosive conditions can act as modifiers of the base cost by requiring thicker vessel walls, more expensive alloys, special seals, more expensive fabrication, and special testing procedures. Separate materials and process severity factors for temperature, pressure,and material,, multiply the base (mild steel) cost as ... 

Ground area and. space requirement.s. Comparisons of the overall space requirements for plants using air cooling versus water cooling are not consistent. Some air-cooled units are installed above other equipment—pipe racks, shell-and-tube exchangers, etc. Some plants avoid such inst ations because of safety considerations, as discussed later. 

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