Other alkene oligomerisation reactions

The process is run in a CSTR without solvent at 50 °C. The reaction is highly exothermic and heat is removed via external circulation. To ensure high 

2 For convenience of the calculation we included a value for ethene (2, in the graphs) this value has no practical meaning. 

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Various oligomers of fluorinated alkenes and cycloalkenes have been prepared by fluoride ion induced oligomerisation of various monomers (Sect. 5.3), and the chemistry of these systems provides some unique reactions. The oligomers of special interest here may be described as of types (95) or (96) (Scheme 59), i. e. systems with either four (95) or three (96) perfluoro-alkyl or -cycloalkyl groups attached to the double bond, whereas systems with two perfluoroalkyl groups attached, i. e. (97) and (98), have a chemistry more similar to fluorinated alkenes that may be derived from other sources. 

Other processes include the alkylation of phenol using alkenes, and the manufacture of acrylate and methacrylate esters from alcohols and the corresponding acids. Olefin hydration reactions require more extreme conditions but Deutsche Texaco have developed a resin-catalysed propene hydration process to form isopropyl alcohol [125]. The reaction is run at 130 C near the upper limit for sulphonic acid resins, but a species with sufficient lifetime is available. There is even some evidence that butene hydration is now carried out similarly. Finally, B.P. Chemicals have recently disclosed [126] a new olefin isomerisation process yielding 2,3-dimethylbut-l-ene. Here the conditions required to favour the isomerisation versus rapid oligomerisation had to be identified to establish a viable process. 

A review gives an overview over the contribution of organometalllc catalysis to Industry, another In the series on transition metals In organic synthesis covers CO reactions, hydrogenations and oxidations. The role of zirconium catalysts In hydro- and carboalumination of alkenes and alkynes, cyclopropanatlons and diene oligomerisations has been dlscussed, and an account deals with the role of electrophilic metal carbenes In cyclopropanatlons and other synthetic applications. 

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