Organotin compounds analysis

Funk et al. have used a low-pressure mercury lamp without filter to liberate inorganic tin ions from thin-layer chromatographically separated organotin compounds these were then reacted with 3-hydroxyflavone to yield blue fluorescent chromatogram zones on a yellow fluorescent background [22]. Quantitative analysis was also possible here (XoK = 405 nm, Xji = 436 nm, monochromatic filter). After treatment of the chromatogram with Triton X-100 (fluorescence amplification by a factor of 5) the detection limits for various organotin compoimds were between 200 and 500 pg (calculated as tin). 

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was applied to the analysis of six organotin compounds (chlorides of dimethyl-, dibutyl-, trimethyl-, tributyl-, diphenyl-, and triphenyltin). Detection hmits for the six organotins ranged from 24 to 51 pg as tin the dynamic range was over lO, from 1 pg/1 to 10 mg/1 (Inoue Kawabata, 1993). 

Bayona JM (1995) Development of supercritical fluid extraction procedures for the determination of organotin compounds in sediment. In Quevauviller Ph, Maier EA, and Griepink B, eds. Quality assurance for environmental analysis, pp 465-487. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Applications Since the introduction of commercial GC-MIP-AES systems, organometallic analysis can be performed routinely, e.g. for speciation of organotin compounds used as PVC stabilisers [356], The hyphenated GC-AED technique can be used to improve the efficiency of additive analysis. While on the one hand... 

Figure 10.2. Environmental sample analysis of organotin compounds, a Environmental sample, Tampa Bay. b Typical blank. Source [98]...

The above analysis reveals that some of the thermochemical data for organotin compounds may not be as accurate as one could hope. Although the information is in general of much better quality than in the case of germanium and lead analogues, we believe that some values in Table 3 should be redetermined. Other examples could have been used to illustrate this point (see also the next section), but once again we wish to resist the temptation of recommending data that in some cases conflict with the available experimental results. By a judicious use of the Laidler terms in Table 4 and/or correlations similar to those in equation 2, it is rather simple to assess other values from Table 3 and predict new data. 

See the introductory comments in Sections I.A.l and I.A.2 of Chapter 7. This section is complementary to Section II.C above, dealing with trace analysis of tin, however, here attention is paid to the various organotin compounds present in the sample and not only to the overall tin content. It should be pointed out that innumerable examples appear in the literature, showing variations on procedural details required for a particular problem. The present account, although selective to a certain point, does not pretend to be critical on the subject. 

The SCE-GC combination began to be explored for trace analysis of organotin compounds and other pollutants. Its main advantage is that SCE accelerates the extraction-preconcentration operations involved in the analytical process95. 

The tributyltin-117m chloride was purified by extraction into benzene. This isotope of tin, which has a half-life of 14 days, was used in the isotope dilution analysis of environmental organotin compounds. 

The radioactive tin-125 isotope in the bis(tributyltin-125) oxide enabled Klotzer and Gomer40 to use a neutron activation analysis to determine the percent tin in the organotin compounds formed in the photochemical reaction between bis(tributyltin-125) oxide and glucose (equation 39). 

Kumpulainen, J. and P. Koivistoinen. 1977. Advances in tin compound analysis with special reference to organotin pesticide residues. Residue Rev. 66 1-18. 

For the determination of organotin compounds (tributyltin, triphenyltin, triethyltin, and tetra-ethyltin) a MAE is proposed before the normal phase (NP) HPLC/UV analysis [35], In organotin and arsenic speciation studies, hydride generation is the most popular derivatization method, combined with atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy or ICP techniques [25,36], Both atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS and electrospray ionization ESI-MS are employed in the determination of butyltin, phenyltin, triphenyltin, and tributyltin in waters and sediments [37], A micro LC/ESI-ion trap MS method has been recently chosen as the official EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) method (8323) [38] it permits the determination of mono-, di-, and tri- butyltin, and mono-, di-, and tri-phenyltin at concentration levels of a subnanogram per liter and has been successfully applied in the analysis of freshwaters and fish [39], Tributyltin in waters has been also quantified through an automated sensitive SPME LC/ESI-MS method [40],... 

Stab, J.A., Udo, A., Brinkman, Th., Cofino, W.P. (1994). Validation of the analysis of organotin compounds in biological tissues using alkylation and gas chromatography. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 8, 577 — 585. 

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