Organic synthesis, phase-transfer catalysi

For reviews of phase-transfer catalysis of this reaction, see Starks, C.M. Liotta, C. Phase Transfer Catalysis, Acaemic Press, NY, 1978, pp. 140-155 Weber, W.P. Gokel, G.W. Phase Transfer Catalysis in Organic Synthesis Phase Transfer Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, Springer, NY, 1977, pp. 85-95. For an alternative method for phenacyl halides, see Clark, J.H. Miller, J.M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1977, 599. 

W. P. Weber and G. W. Gokel, Phase-Transfer Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, Spriager-Vedag, Berlin, Germany, 1977. 

Phase transfer catalysis processes (Starks and Liotta, 1978 Starks, 1987) for the synthesis of many organic materials use less, or sometimes no, organic solvent may use less toxic solvent may allow use of less hazardous raw materials (for example, aqueous HCl instead of anhydrous HCl) and may operate at milder conditions. Some types of reactions where phase transfer catalysis has been applied include ... 

W. P. WF-BERandC. W. GOKEL, Phase Transfer Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, Vol. 4 of Reactivity and Structure, Springer-Verlag, 1977, 250 pp. C. M. Starks and C. Uotta, Phase Transfer Catalysis, Academic Press, New York, 1978, 365 pp. F. MontanaRI, D. Landini and F. Rolla, Topics in Current Chemistry 101, 149-201 (1982). E. V. Dehmlow and S. S. Dehmlow, Phase Transfer Catalysis (2nd edn.), VCH Publishers. London 1983, 386 pp. T. G. Southern, Polyhedron 8. 407-13 (1989). 

For a review of the use of phase-transfer catalysis to prepare sulfur-Containing compounds, see Weber, W.P. Gokel, G.W. Phase Transfer Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, Ref. 437, p. 221. 

For reviews, see E. V. Dehmlow, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 16, 493 (1977) W. P. Weber and G. W. Gokel, Phase Transfer Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977. 

Phase transfer catalysis (PTC) has been utilized in organic synthesis to perform reactions in organic solvents when some of reactants are present in the aqueous phase (e.g., the substitution reaction involving alkylchlorides RCl),... 

WEBER,W.P. GOKEL.G.W. Phase Transfer Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, Springer-Verlag New York, 1978 STARKS,C.M. LIOTTA,C. Phase Transfer Catalysis Principles and Techniques, Academic Press New York, 1978 DEHMLOW.E.V. DEHMLOW.S.S. Phase Transfer Catalysis, Verlag Chemie Weinheim, 1980. 

In contrast to the maturity of asymmetric synthesis utilizing chiral transition metal catalysts, asymmetric phase transfer catalysis is still behind it and covers organic reactions to lesser extent. Thus, it is further necessary in wide range to explore efficient asymmetric phase transfer catalysis keeping its superiority of easy operation, mild reaction conditions, and environmental binignancy. 

CM Starks, Phase Transfer Catalysis in Organic and Polymer Synthesis. Mechanism and Synthesis. (ed. ME Halper) ACS Symposium Series 659, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, 1997. 

Weber, W. P. Gokel, G. W. "Phase Transfer Catalysis in Organic Synthesis," Springer-Verlag, New York,... 

Replacement of the organic phase with surfactants to exploit micellar phase transfer catalysis principles (Battal et al., 1997) for the alkylation of phenol and aniline. This group had previously demonstrated the synthesis of a surfactant by micellar autocatalysis, whereby the surfactant product itself catalyses the reaction (Kust and Rathman, 1995). 

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