Organic buildup method

Because evaporation does not remove contaminants from the concentrate, it is necessary that the system have a method of controlling buildup of metallic and organic impurities. Additional recycling techniques such as ion exchange can be used for this purpose. 

Classical methods for culturing T. ferrooxidans gives low cell yields, but cell numbers may be increased dramatically by growing the organism on Fe(II), with continuous electrochemical reduction of the Fe(III) so formed. This prevents any inhibitory effects associated with the buildup of high concentrations of Fe(III). 

Material properties often depend on the constituents of inclusions as small as a few micrometers large or surface layers with a thickness of 0.1-100 nm. From the 1970s onward, microanalysis has become a major challenge. Initial methods such as electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) or dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) determine elements at the microscopic scale, but charge buildup and beam-induced sample damage hamper their application to nonconducting organic materials. 

This method allowed to establish, that besides adsoption layer buildup at the interface the protein solution-organic phase, the distribution of the protein between hquid phases takes place. BSA and a-chymotrypsin at aqueous the protein solution-toluene were investigated in detail [155,156]. Transfer of the protein from the solution into interface layer as well as into organic phase was shown. In [157] the average hydrodynamic radius (r) of associates of BSA with non polar molecules in the adjacent phases of aqueous solution and hydrocarbon were determined by the quasi-elastic light scattering method. Results are given in Table 9. 

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