Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists

Reisine, T. and Pasternak, G., Opioid analgesics and antagonists, in Goodman and Gilman s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed., Hardman, J.G. and Limbird, L.E., Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, chap. 23. 

Reisine T, Pasternak G. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th edn (Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff, PB et al., eds). New York McGraw-Hill, 1996 521-555. 

Jaffe, Jerome H., and William R. Martin. 1985. "Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists." In The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics, edited by Alfred G. Gilman, Louis S. Goodman, Theodore W. Rail, and Fend Murad. 7th ed. New York Macmillan. 

Schumacher MA, Basbaum Al, Way WL. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In Katzung BG ed. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 9th ed. New York Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill 2004. 

Buccal delivery of opioid analgesics and antagonists can improve bioavailability relative to the oral route. Esterification of the 3-pheno-lic hydroxyl group in opioid analgesics such as nalbuphine, naloxone, naltrexone, oxymorphone, butorphanol, and levallorphan improved bioavailability and eliminated the bitter taste. The prodrug of morphine,... 

Jaffe JH, Martin WR (1980) Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 6th edn. Macmillan, New York, p509... 

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