Operational problems, chemicals causing

Air entrainment and foaming in hydrocarbon liquids can cause operational problems with high-speed machinery in physical-chemical processes such as petroleum production, distillation, cracking, coking, and asphalt processing. 

Pd(OAc)2 with ethylene forms vinyl acetate. Industrial production of vinyl acetate from ethylene and AcOH has been developed by Imperial Chemical Industries, initially in the liquid phase [55]. However, due to operational problems caused mainly by corrosion, the liquid-phase process was abandoned. Then a gas-phase process using a supported Pd catalyst was developed [56]. Vinyl acetate is now produced commercially, based on this reaction in the gas phase, using Pd supported on alumina or silica as a catalyst in the absence of any Cu(II) salt [57]. It seems likely that Pd(OAc)2 is generated from the supported Pd by the reaction with AcOH and 02 at high temperature. 

In the chemical absorption process, the C02 reacts with chemical solvents to form a weakly-bonded intermediate compound that is then broken down by the application of heat. The heat regenerates the original solvent and produces a CO2 stream. Typical solvents are amine- or carbonate-based. Examples are MEA, diethanolamine (DEA), ammonia and hot potassium carbonate. These processes can be used at low C02 partial pressures, but the feed gas must be free of S02, 02, hydrocarbons and particulates. Hydrocarbons and particulates cause operating problems in the absorber199. 

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