Operation of plants

This article is intended to provide a useful first understanding of flow phenomena and techniques and to provide an entry to more precise and detailed methods where these are required. Although the main concern is the proper design and operation of plant equipment, the importance of preservation of the environment is recognized. Thus data from the fields of meteorology and oceanography are occasionally needed by the technologist (see also Flowl asurel nt Fluidization). 

That this switchboard was installed, with the approval of the terminal management... in a switchroom from which the loading stands were not visible, suggests some failure to take into account the basic fundamentals of safety in operation of plant. 

Modem process plants grow increasingly complex with highly coupled unit processes. A result of this tendency is that tasks now often require a team rather than individual effort. Team training becomes increasingly important for the safe and efficient operation of plants. The aim of this section is to identify those PIFs which play a critical role in the collective efforts and communications of process workers. 

Energy can be conserved by operation of plant in such a way as to minimize part loading. Various practices can be adopted that can be described as good housekeeping . In addition to maintenance, this will include such factors as the avoidance of plant operating in the standby mode for long periods, operation at correct temperature, ensuring doors are closed where applicable, etc. 

A considerable catalyst to the corrosion monitoring market has been expansion in the production of oil and gas, not only in the usual oil areas (US and the Middle East), but also the offshore developments in Europe. In addition to the usual uncertainty of the onset or progress of internal corrosion in the operation of plant, the oil industry has to face the considerable problem concerning prediction of field corrosivity and the possibility of the producing field becoming corrosive or more corrosive as depletion progresses. These factors have considerable influence on the installation of corrosion monitoring as oil and gas production is the major user of such equipment. 

Heat flow calorimeters simulate closely the operation of plant reactors. Removing the heat of reaction at the same rate as it is generated results in a constant reaction temperature. The temperature difference between the reactor and vessel jacket is a measure of the rate of heat production. 

Designing and Operating Safe Chemical Reaction Processes Safe design and operation of plants and processes for chemical reactions HSE... 

Listed Waste K062 Spent pickle liquor generated by steel finishing operations of plants that produce iron or steel August 8, 1988... 

For economy in construction and operation of plants for handling saline water, particular attention must be paid to corrosion factors. Steel can be used in many applications, if it is protected by the use of coatings or is given cathodic protection. Allowance also can be made in the design for the corrosion of steel. If it does not conflict with other design factors, incoming sea water should be deaerated to control steel corrosion. Corrosion inhibitors and chemical treatment may be employed to reduce the attack, but frequently this method is too costly. 

Describing the behavior of undefined mixtures, whether from natural or synthetic sources, often begins with the separation of these complex systems into effective pseudocomponents by distillation (1 ). Each pseudocomponent is then characterized as if it were a pure compound, and its characterization data are used in appropriate correlations. The presence of nonvolatile residuum poses a serious limitation to such methodology. For coal-derived liquids, heavy crude oils, tar sands, and shale oil, more than 50 percent of the fluid may not be distillable (JL). Since this nonvolatile residue cannot be separated using conventional techniques, new methods of separation and characterization must be developed to provide the necessary information for design and operation of plants utilizing the fossil fuels mentioned above (2). 

The majority of User Requirements for a DCS are likely to be common, regardless of whether the DCS is for a brown or green field application. A basic requirement that needs to be determined is the level of automation to be provided. For DCS systems this can vary from providing essentially remote manual operation of plant units to automation of individual process operations within units, finally leading to automation of all operations and transfers across process units within a process cell. 

Operating-time effect on costs, 155-156 Operation of plants, 18-19, 96-98 Optimum conditions ... 

Catalyst deactivation has such an impact on the design and operation of plants that studies along the approach outlined here are fully justified. They should be an integrated part of the process development. 

A chemical engineer is a professional man experienced in the design, construction, and operation of plants in which materials undergo chemical or physical change"" (44). 

Basic responsibilities of operators of plants subject to licensing... 

Operation of plant ontside specified operating envelope. 

The Service is authorized and directed to provide assistance in the establishment and operation of plant, area and industry wide labor management committees which—... 

Member States should review procedures for safe operation of plant during non-routine tests. 

Hence, despite careful design, construction and operation of plants accidents cannot totally be avoided. Whatever may happen will happen with a certain probability. Therefore the probability of an accident" can only be reduced by appropriate measures. To achieve this is the objective of risk management. 

---