Operating Capacity and Regeneration Efficiency

With some exceptions, the loading or service cycle in most industrial processes involve favourable ion exchange equilibria. It follows that 

Regenerant consumed (keq m r) Total regenerant passed (keqm R) 

Suppose for any given process the operating capacity is Q, (keq m ) and the bed volume is R (m ) then the gross treated volume, V (m ), during the loading or service cycle will be given by  

In as much as a high influent ion burden greatly increases both the capital cost of plant (large columns and large resin inventory) and operating costs (frequent regenerations) commercially viable ion exchange processes are therefore confined to the treatment of dilute solutions, say less than 40 eq m and more often than not less than 

10 eqm Therefore for any process, the size, and therefore the cost, of a plant will be determined principally by such factors as  

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