Nyssaceae

Isolated in low yield (0.005%) from the bark and stem wood of Camptotheca acuminata Decaisne (family Nyssaceae) native to China [248-250], and sub-... 

Camptothecin (Figure 6.93) from Camptotheca acuminata (Nyssaceae) is a further example of a quinoline-containing structure that is actually derived by modification of an indole system. The main rearrangement process is that the original (>-carboline 6-5-6 ring system becomes a 6-6-5 pyrroloquinoline by ring expansion of the indole... 

Irinotecan (1) is a derivative of the pentacyclic quinoline alkaloid camptothecin (2) the latter was first isolated from the heartwood of the tree species Camptotheca acuminata (Nyssacea) by Wall et al. in 1966.1 Two years later A. T. McPhail and G. A. Sim determined the structure of 2 by X-ray analysis.2... 

Cositecan (Karenitecin , BNP 1350) 54 (BioNumerik and ASKA Pharmaceutical) is currently being evaluated in a Phase III trial for the treatment of patients with advanced ovarian cancer who have become resistant to platinum and taxane drugs.110 Cositecan 54,111 114 which is also being evaluated against solid tumours in a Phase I trial, is an orally bioavailable, lipophilic 7-[2-(tri-methylsilyl)ethyl] derivative of camptothecin 55 which is less sensitive to both common and camptothecin-specific resistance mechanisms. Camptothecin 55 was first isolated in 1958 from Camptotheca acuminata (Nyssaceae) and its structure was reported in 1966.115 117 Camptothecin 55 was later shown to be a topoisomerase I inhibitor two camptothecin derivatives, topotecan and iri-notecan, are approved for chemotherapy use. 

Camptothecins. The alkaloid camptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata (Nyssaceae) and Mappiafoetida (Icacinaceae) has a pyranoindolizoquinoline structure (Phe pyridine C4N C5N C5L) involving the fusion of quinoline (Phe pyridine), indolizidine (C4N C5N ) and C5 lactone (C5L) rings. Camptothecin is a topoisomerase I inhibitor and is a potent cytotoxic and antitumour compound that is used clinically as an anticancer... 

Mappiafoetida (Icacinaceae), Camptotheca acuminata (Nyssaceae) [bark, fruit, wood]... 

Camptothecin (CPT, 1) is a natural compound isolated for the first time [1] from the wood of Camptotheca acuminata Decne (Nyssaceae), a deciduous plant (xi shu, happy tree) of Southeastern China, but produced also by the Indian Icacinacea Nothapodytes foetida (Wight) Sleumer (formerly Mappia foetida Miers) [2], and by some other plants [3], the two former being the major sources of the compound. 

Camptothecin (CPT, Cl) is a potent antitumor pentacyclic alkaloid isolated from Camptotheca acuminata Decne. (Nyssaceae family) and originating in China (36, 37). Interest in CPT was sparked by the discovery that its primary cellular target is DNA topo I (38). 10-Hydroxycamptothecin (C2), which also occurs naturally, has a better therapeutic index and is used in China for treating many cancers. 

Camptothecin, a quinoline alkaloid from Camp-totheca acuminata (Nyssaceae), is derived from strictosi-dine through stiictosamide (Fig. 41). Originally isolated in 1966, it biologically inhibits topoisomerase I, and in 1996, two derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, were approved for the treatment of ovarian cancer and colon cancer, respectively. Other derivatives are in clinical trial. 

Happy tree Camptotheca acuminata, family Nyssaceae)... 

The alkaloids of the cinchona bark are natural products containing a quinoline structure [111]. Examples are the diastereoisomeric pairs quinine/quinidine and cinchonidine/cinchonine 108 and 109 in which a 4-methylquinoline unit is bonded to a vinyl-substituted quinuclidine system (1-azabi-cyclo[2.2.2]octane). Camptothecin 110, a highly toxic polycyclic quinoline alkaloid, was isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree Camphoteca acuminata (Nyssaceae). 

Bate-Smith et al., 1975), whereas there does not appear to be a close relationship of the Comaceae to the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) and the Araliaceae with which they are placed by many phylogenists. The Apiaceae and Araliaceae completely lack iridoid compounds. The presence of alkaloids in the Icacinaceae and the Nyssaceae based on an iridoid monoterpene structure suggests that these plants also may be related to the Comaceae. 

Camptothecine (6) was first isolated from the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata (Nyssaceae). Extracts of this plant were shown to possess very high antitumor activity (Cai and Hutchinson, 1983 Cordell, 1978 Suffhess and Cordell, 1985). Derivatives of camptothecine are now in clinical trials in the United States. 

In addition to Camptotheca acuminata (Nyssaceae), camptothecine (6) has been found in Nothapodytes (Mappia) foetida and Merilliodendron megacarpum (Icacinaceae), Ophionhiza mungos (Rubiaceae), and Ervatamia heyneana (Apocynaceae) (Cordell, 1981). This distribution is of considerable interest to plant systematists and phylogenists, as it reflects the same dichotomy seen in the distribution of other types of monoterpene iridoids. 

Camptothecin (1) was first isolated from Camptotheca acuminata Decne (Nyssaceae) [1, 39] which has been used for many years as a traditional Chinese medicine. Extensive studies of the natural distribution of this unique alkaloid led to its isolation from several plant families Nothapodytes foetida [40-43], Ophiorrhiza mangos [44], Ervatmia heyneana [45], Merrilliodendron... 

The TIAs form a family of more than 3,000 representatives. These alkaloids, which are unique in plants, have been found in several plant families such as Apocynaceae, Loganiaceae, Nyssaceae, and Rubiaceae, which belong all to the Gentianales order. The most important and weU-known plants that produce TLAs are Tabernaemontana divaricata, Rauvolfia serpentina, and C. roseus [1]. 

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