Nuclei concentration

Percent of liqi lid that leaves 11 nit as fog Nuclei concentration in inlet particles/cm ... 

Porstendorfer, J. and T.T. Mercer, Influence of Nuclei Concentration and Humidity upon the Attachment Rate of Atoms in the Atmosphere, Atmospheric Environment 12 2223-2228 (1978). 

Novakov and Penner (1993) measured the mass size distributions of sulfur, organic carbon, and chlorine (characteristic of sea salt) as well as the CCN concentration (at 0.5% supersaturation), nss, and Aitken nuclei concentrations at a mountain peak in Puerto Rico. 

Novakov, T., and J. E. Penner, Large Contribution of Organic Aerosols to Cloud-Condensation-Nuclei Concentrations, Nature, 365, 823-826 (1993). 

H° = zero side nuclei concentration, also called zero size population density B° = nucleation rate... 

During the last four decades, measurements of weak nuclei (i.e., gas nuclei) in liquids have become especially important in view of their influence on cavitation inception (e.g., ref. 57-59). Understandably, the gas nuclei concentration is closely coupled with the free gas content of the liquid (ref. 58, 60). (A distinction is made commonly in the engineering literature between free gas content and dissolved gas content. The free gas content is that portion of gas which has the normal physical properties of bulk gas. In practical situations, the free gas concentration within the liquid is usually several orders of magnitude lower than the dissolved gas concentration (ref. 58).) Many investigators have developed instruments to detect this free gas content (ref. 58,60) and the freestream gas nuclei concentration associated with it (e.g., ref. 58-60). 

The calculation method of SNF isotope composition is based on application of reactors computer codes RITM and KRATER, which suggest taking into consideration the bumup fuel [8, 9]. They both describe the change in time of nuclei concentration... 

The leveling off of the condensation nuclei concentration after the first few minutes of the irradiation indicates that the size distribution is shifting to larger particles as oxygenated olefin is incorporated into the aerocolloidal mass. 

Discussion/Estimation of Nuclei Concentrations. The average volumes Vjj of the dispersed PA-6 particles in the four times extruded PVDF/PA-6 85/15 and 75/25 blends as estimated from the electron micrographs amount to about 4xl0 pm and axlO pm, respectively. 

For very large values of g, n/ — 0 because the nuclei concentration for the nonequi-librium distribution is much smaller than that for the equilibrium distribution. 

Fig. 7-8. Influence on cloud nuclei formation of the mass fraction e (water-soluble material/particle dry mass). Left Critical supersaturation of aerosol particles as a function of particle dry radius. Right Cloud nuclei spectra calculated for e = 0.1 and 1 on the basis of two size distributions each for continental and maritime aerosols (solid and dashed curves, respectively). [Adapted from Junge and McLaren (1971).] The curves for the maritime cloud nuclei spectra are displaced downward from the original data to normalize the total number density to 300 cm-3 instead of 600 cm-3 used originally. The curves for e = 1 give qualitatively the cumulative aerosol size distributions starting from larger toward smaller particles (sk = 10 4 corresponds to r0 0.26 p.m, sk = 3 x 10 3 to rs 0.025 Atn). Similar results were subsequently obtained by Fitzgerald (1973, 1974). The hatched areas indicate the ranges of cloud nuclei concentrations observed in cloud diffusion chambers with material sampled mainly by aircraft [see the summary of data by Junge and McLaren (1971)] the bar represents the maximum number density of cloud nuclei observed by Twomey (1963) in Australia.

Time > tc. Not only is tc longer at pH 3.9 than at pH 4.8, but the observed rate after tc is smaller (Figures 4 and 5). This rate would depend linearly on the supercritical cluster concentration. This confirms that, under conditions yielding identical initial amounts of silver atoms, larger clusters are required to accept electrons from a weaker donor and that the nuclei concentration is much lower at pH 3.9. 

Indirect climate effects of aerosols are more complex and more difficult to assess than direct effects because they depend on a chain of phenomena that connect aerosol levels to concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei, cloud condensation nuclei concentrations to cloud droplet number concentrations (and size), and these, in turn, to cloud albedo and cloud lifetime. Changes in the number concentration of aerosols are observed to cause variations in the population and sizes of cloud droplets, which are expected to cause... 

Number of nuclei Concentrations of basis cation M in 1 complexes with different number of ligand L. Total concentrations of cation M... 

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