Nuclear magnetic resonance high-spin forms

The application of analytical methods to speciation measurements in complicated systems has remained rather limited, despite the considerable technological progress during the past 25 years. The characterisation methods (e.g. spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance) are often limited to the study of isolated compounds at relatively high concentrations. They, therefore, necessitate the prior employment of sophisticated separation and pre-concentration methods which introduce severe risks of perturbation. The trace analysis methods are often insensitive to the chemical form of the elements measured (e.g. atomic absorption, neutron activation). Those which possess sufficient element specificity (e.g. electron spin resonance, fluorescence, voltammetry) still require significant development before their full potential can be realised. 

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