Nuclear magnetic resonance exchange phenomena

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is the responses of nuclear spins to external radiofrequency (RF) stimulations, or the absorption and reemission of RF pulses by nuclear spins in a magnetic field. NMR techniques are developed to utilize this NMR phenomenon for the characterization of structures and dynamic properties of molecular systems, and for the identification and visualization of molecules and distributions. In the field of PEMFCs, the NMR techniques are frequently applied to the development and improvement of essential materials, proton exchange membrane and electrocatalysts, and the water management of PEMFCs. 

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