Nonstandard operations, chemical

Nonstandard operations hint at the need for supplementary corrosion testing. For example, chemical cleaning operations are sometimes more damaging towards the materials of construction than the process itself. Hydrochloric acid is often used for chemical cleaning because of its low cost and rapid dissolution of metal oxides. Hydrochloric acid affects specific materials of construction, such as stainless steels, by means other than general corrosion. 

Analyze We are given a chemical equation for a voltaic cell and the concentrations of reactants and products imder which it operates. We are asked to calculate the emf of the cell under these nonstandard conditions. 

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