Nonequilibrium Ion-Selective Electrodes

Discuss the effect of stirring, adsorption, and change of sample matrix on ISEs operated in such a way. 

Explain the origin of the potential at the membrane/solution interface. 

Suggest an experiment in which operation under imposed polarization current could have some beneficial effect. 

An important property of the reference electrode is that it does not change its potential when the sample solution changes. Consider the response as shown in Fig. 1.2. Could you make a reference electrode that would have a very high exchange current density for one ion (i.e., low resistance and no mixed potential), yet would not respond to changes of the activity of such an ion  

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