Noncarbon elements

In 1895, Armstrong published some twenty-five papers jointly with members of his chemical laboratory. A report to the alumni in 1903 mentions work in five subjects undertaken by Armstrong and some of his proteges radioactivity (H. Armstrong and Lowry), dynamic isomerism (Lowry), stereochemistry of noncarbon elements (Pope), the chemistry of camphor (M. O. Forster), and tautomerism (Lapworth).34... 

The graphite lattice may show stacking faults or defects within the sheets, and, possibly, bending of the sheets (Fig. 2.25). Omission of a carbon atom (voids), or inclusions of noncarbon elements or molecules, disrupts the orderly configuration and inhibits crystallization of carbon as graphite. These impurities act as sites of local strain that directly influence crystallite size, distribution, and orientation within a sample, and in turn affect the physical and chemical characteristics of the material, especially its strength. 

The development of specific properties in carbon is affected by the presence of mineral salts and other noncarbon elements. In attempting to understand the influence of the noncarbon constituents on activation, one must distinguish between effects produced during the carbonization or pyrolysis and those produced during the subsequent ignition or oxidation.81... 

During this process, the noncarbon elements remove in the form of different gasses and the fibers shrink in diameter and lose approximately 50% of its weight [54]. 

There are munerous examples of polymers that contain metals and metalloids coordinated to noncarbon elements. In these cases, the properties of the polymers are highly dependent on the ligands that are utilized. Polymer 49 is an example of a zinc porphyrin polymer. It was found that incorporation of different substituents (electron acceptors or electron donors) on the aromatic rings in the polymer backbone altered the electronic properties of these materials. 

---