Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Fatty liver, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Rat liver from Male (resistant to NAFLD), Female (sensitive to NAFLD) Fish oil, dextrose Comparison of liver response to high fat diet in male and female suggest pathways contributing to NAFLD [15]... 

The main indications for liver transplantation include chronic hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cryptogenic cirrhosis. 

Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM (2002) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 122 1649-1657 Coatney RW (2001) Ultrasound imaging principles and applications in rodent research. liar Journal 42 233-247 Cockman MD, Hayes DA, Kuzmak BR (1993) Motion suppression improves quantification of rat liver volume in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 30 355-360... 

Hepatic Fibrosis/Cirrhosis Fibrosis usually results from chronic inflammation which can be the result of continuous exposure to a variety of hepatotoxic chemicals such as organic arscnicals, vinyl chloride, or high doses of vitamin A (Zimmerman, 1999), chronic ethanol ingestion and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Fibrosis usually occurs around the portal area, in the space of Disse, and around the central veins. This results in loss of liver architecture and function. The hepatocytes are replaced with fibrous material and thus there is hepatocyte loss. Periportal fibrosis may lead to portal hypertension. 

Clark, J.M., Diehl, A.M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. An underrecognized cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 2003 289 3000-3004... 

Dixon, J.B., Bhathal, P.S., Hughes, N.R., O Brien, P.E. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Improvement in liver histological analysis with weight loss. Hepatology 2004 39 1647—1654... 

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis... 

Mofrad P, Contos M, Haque M, Sargeant C, Fisher R, Luketic V, et al. Clinical and histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with normal ALT values. Hepatology 2003 37 1286-92. 

Rossi F, Bellini G, Alisi A et al (2012) Cannabinoid receptor type 2 functional variant influences liver damage in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One 7 e42259. doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0042259... 

Decreased Complex I activity in fatty liver mitochondria isolated from rats fed with a choline-deficient diet to model in animals nonalcoholic fatty liver disease could also be completely restored to the level of control livers by exogenously added CL (Petrosillo et al., 2007). Under conditions of a choline-deficient diet the mitochondrial content of CL decreased due to reactive oxygen species-induced CL oxidation. Although no high-resolution crystal structure of the entire Complex I is available, these findings strongly suggest the presence of functionally important CL molecules in the complex. 

Ikura, Y. et al. Localization of oxidized phosphatidylcholine in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease impact on disease progression. Hepatology 43 (2006) 506-14. 

An enormous amount of new information relevant to the role of insulin resistance in human disease had appeared since the introduction of the concept of Syndrome X, and the abnormalities related to insulin resistance have broadened considerably. At the same time, it has become clear that the adverse clinical outcomes associated with insulin resistance extend far beyond type 2 diabetes and CVD. For example, in addition to type 2 diabetes and CVD, insulin-resistant individuals are at increased risk to develop essential hypertension, PCOS, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, congestive heart failure. 

Gentile CL, Frye MA, Pagliassotti MJ (2011) Fatty acids and the endoplasmic reticnlnm in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biofactors 37, 8-16. 

Li ZZ, Berk M, McIntyre TM, Feldstein AE (2009) Hepatic lipid partitioning and liver damage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase. J Biol Chem 284, 5637. ... 

Maximos M, Bril F, Portillo Sanchez P, Lomonaco R, Orsak B, Biernacki D, Suman A, Weber M, Cusi K (2015) The role of liver fat and insulin resistance as determinants of plasma aminotransferase elevation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 61, 153-60. 

Kopec, K.L. and Bums, D. (2011) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease a review of the spectrum of disease, diagnosis and therapy. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 26, 565-576. 

Malhi, H., Gores, G. J. (2008). Molecular mechanisms of lipotoxicity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Paper presented at the Seminars in liver disease. 

The liver is a central organ in metabolism that serves multiple functions such as protein synthesis, glycogen storage, hormone production, and detoxification [149]. Fatty liver is the earliest and the most common form of both nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [150, 151]. Hepatocellular injury, inflammation and fibrosis are hallmarks of NASH, which are observed in only a fraction of subjects with NAFLD, although the exact mechanisms leading from NAFLD to NASH are still largely unknown [152]. Several lines of evidence indicate the importance of both quantitative and qualitative (e.g. saturated vs unsaturated) changes in dietary FAs as relevant mechanisms for the development of NAFLD both in rodent models and in humans [150, 153, 154, 155]. 

Donnelly, KL Smith, Cl Schwarzenberg, SJ Jessurun, J Boldt, MD Parks, EJ. Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via hpoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J C/m/west, 2005 115(5) 1343-51. 

Tilg, H Moschen, AR. Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease the multiple parallel hits hypothesis. Hepatol, 2010 52 1836 6. 

Wilfred de Alwis NM, Day CP. Genes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Diab... 

The study [83] investigated whether resveratrol can improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and evaluated the possible mechanism. Rats fed a high-fat diet were treated with resveratrol and the liver histology was observed. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp was performed to assess insulin sensitivity. Fat accumulation was induced in FIepG2 cells, and the cells were treated with RSV. AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation levels were detected both in the animal study and cell study. Rats fed a high-fat diet developed abdominal obesity, NAFLD, and insulin resistance, which were markedly improved by 10 week. 

Daly AK (2013) Relevance of CYP2E1 to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Subcell Biochem 67 165-175... 

McMahan RH, Wang XX, Cheng LL, et al. Bile acid receptor activation modulates hepatic monocyte activity and improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. / Biol Chem. 2013 288 11761—11770. 

Abu-Shanab A, Quigley EM. The role of the gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 7 (12) 691-701. 

Role of Pioglitazone and Berberine in Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty liver Disease Completed Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Lifestyle intervention Drug pioglitazone Drag berberine... 

Verrotti A, Di Marco G, la Torre R, Pelliccia P, Chiarelli F. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease during valproate therapy. Eur J Pediatr 2009 168(11) 1391. ... 

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