Non-ideality results from coulombic interactions between ions

3 Non-ideality results from coulombic interactions between ions 

This is not a sufficient description of what contributes to non-ideality. Many other types of interactions must be included, for example  

Physically, all of these are simple ideas and are easy to discuss and explain, but unfortunately there are very considerable mathematical difficulties in incorporating them into the theory. Other than ion pairing and solvation, nothing fundamental in the form of a new working equation representing non-ideahty has been achieved for the others, but see Sections 10.18-10.21. 

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