Neuromodulators astrocytes

Fig. 8.3 Chemokines are neuromodulators. Some chemokines can be synthesized, as their own receptor, by the same neuron (a). A chemokine released by exocytosis can modulate the electrical activity of neurons after binding to its own presynaptic receptor (autoreceptor). Chemokines can also act on other neurons and glial cells (astrocytes and microgha) which express chemokine receptors (b). (Adapted from Rostene and Melik-Parsadaniantz, Pour la Science 2008, 369 66-72)...

Chemokines as Neuromodulators Regulation of Glutamatergic Transmission by CXCR4-Mediated Glutamate Release From Astrocytes... 

Sanzgiii RP, Araque A, Haydon PG (1999) Prostaglandin E(2) stimulates glutamate receptor-dependent astrocyte neuromodulation in cultured hippocampal cells. J Neurobiol 41 ... 

In conclusion, this review has explored several different possible mechanisms of allodynia to i.t. M3G in rodents. The i.t. administration of M3G results in an increased release of primary afferent neuromodulator/neurotransmitter such as substance P and glutamate, which could lead to the release of NO in the dorsal spinal cord. M3G-induced allodynia may be induced by an activation of the NO— ERK pathway in a cGMP/PKG-dependent manner, while the maintenance may be triggered by spinal IL-1/3 produced by NO-activated astrocytes in the dorsal spinal cord. It can be anticipated that further understanding of the mechanisms underlying opioid-induced allodynia would advance and improve clinical management of opioid therapy in the management of chronic pain syndromes. 

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