Nephrolithiasis drug-induced

Drug-induced nephrolithiasis, often seen during the sulfonamide era, is nowadays rare, especially in patients taking beta-lactams. However, it can still occur with penicillins (119). 

Nephrolithiasis (formation of kidney stones) does not present as classic nephrotoxicity since GFR is usually not decreased. Drug-induced nephrolithiasis represents abnormal crystal precipitation in the renal collecting system, potentially causing pain, hematuria, infection, or occasionally urinary tract obstruction with renal insufficiency. 

Systemic absorption of epinephrine-related drugs and 13 adrenergic antagonists can induce all the side effects found with direct systemic administration. The systemic use of CAIs may give some patients significant problems with malaise, fatigue, depression, paresthesias, and nephrolithiasis the topical CAIs may minimize these relatively common side effects. 

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