Negative active materials electrodes, effects

EFFECTS OF EXPENDERS IN NEGATIVE ACTIVE MATERIALS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF NEGATIVE ELECTRODES... 

The improved performance has been attributed to the optimized negative active material microstructure and the enhanced electrode reaction kinetics by introducing appropriate activated carbon. The beneficial effects can be briefly explained as such (11) ... 

However the battery structure has changed substantially from initial ones. In the early days of lead acid batteries, the corrosion layers formed on the surface of lead sheet were used as active materials. But at present, the pasted type electrodes, which are made from lead-oxide paste and lead-alloy grid, are used generally. Then such pasted type electrodes are charged in sulfuric acid to make positive and negative plates and have much larger effective surface area which leads to larger capacity compared to the batteries of the early days. 

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