Nanophotonic Energy Conversion

Noting that (1.4) represents energy up-conversion from the free photon to the DP-CP, this section reviews novel methods of optical/optical energy conversion and optical/electrical energy conversion. 

First-step excitation. After the excitation light generates a DP-CP at the edge of the DCM grain, the DP-CP induces the transition from Eg el) (S Ei vib) to Eg-,el) S) Ea, vib) due to the phonon-assisted excitation. 

After the two-step transition described above, visible light is emitted by the transition from Eex, el)S Eem, vib) to Eg el)(S Ei vib). Since the excitation (I) is a conventional adiabatic process, its probability of occurrence is more than 10 times that of the first-step excitation. Furthermore, the probability of visible light emission by the infrared excitation is governed only by the phonon-assisted excitation of the first step because the second-step transition easily saturates. This is the origin 

Instead of the powdery grains of organic dye molecules, a variety of materials can be used for optical frequency up-conversion so long as the DP-CPs are efficiently generated on their surfaces. 

The DP-CP can be used to convert optical energy to electrical energy with frequency up-conversion. This section reviews two examples. 

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