N- Methylpyrrolidone

Arosolvan process A process for the extraction of benzene and toluene from a mixture of aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons using a mixture of water and N-methylpyrrolidone. The process is used when naphtha is cracked to produce alkenes. To prevent extraction of alkenes these are saturated by hydrogenation prior to extraction. 

Sodium sulfide in N-methylpyrrolidone (140°, 2-4 h) cleaves aiyl methyl ethers in 78-85% yield. 

Materials of these types have T s of some 290-300°C and some grades are claimed to be stable to about 400°C. Whilst resistant to hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers and acids the polymers are soluble in such materials as dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone and pyridine. Bases can cause stress cracking. These non-crystalline polymers are tough at temperatures as low as -46°C whilst at 260°C they have the strength shown by PTFE at room temperature. The polymers also exhibit excellent electrical insulation properties. 

Acetone Carbon tetrachloride, chloroform/o-chlorophenol, chloroform// -cresol, chloroform/hexafluoroisopropanol, chloroform/methanol (up to 60%), o-dichlorobenzene, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dioxane, ethylacetate, FC-113, haxane, methylethylketone, N-methylpyrrolidone, pyridine, quinoline, cyclohexane, dodecane... 

When water-miscible ionic liquids are used as solvents, and when the products are partly or totally soluble in these ionic liquids, the addition of polar solvents, such as water, in a separation step after the reaction can make the ionic liquid more hydrophilic and facilitate the separation of the products from the ionic liquid/water mixture (Table 5.3-2, case e). This concept has been developed by Union Carbide for the hydroformylation of higher alkenes catalyzed by Rh-sulfonated phosphine ligand in the N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)/water system. Thanks to the presence of NMP, the reaction is performed in one homogeneous phase. After the reaction. 

Hydroxymethylene formation proceeded in the standard fashion (7 ) to give a 93% yield of 22. Carcinogenic hexamethyl-phosphoric triamide was replaced by N-methylpyrrolidone as the solvent for the condensation reaction of 22 with the bromo-butenolide 23 in the presence of excess K.CO. and gave a mixture of racemic strigol (1) (35%) and 4 -epistrigol (25) (39%), which were readily separated by chromatography on silica gel. 

Some of the better solvents for pure SWNTs are the amide-containing ones, like DMF or N-methylpyrrolidone, but they still do not permit full dissolution, just dispersion (Boul et al., 1999 Liu et al., 1999). The addition of surfactants to carbon nanotube suspensions can aid in their solubilization, and even permit their complete dispersion in aqueous solution. The hydro-phobic tails of surfactant molecules adsorb onto the surface of the carbon nanotube, while the hydrophilic parts permit interaction with the surrounding polar solvent medium. 

The rates of certain reactions of polymers have been reported to be enhanced by MW under homogeneous conditions at atmospheric pressure. Lewis et al. [64] performed kinetic studies on the imidization of the polymer BDTA-DDS polyamic acid 46 in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) giving the polymer 47 (Scheme 4.24) and showed that the apparent activation energy was reduced from 105 kj mol-1 under conventional heating to 55 kj mol-1 under MW heating. Rate enhancements (kMw/kthermai)... 

DADNE, ein relative neuer, wenig empfindlicher Hochleistungsexplo-sivstoff, wurde von der Schwedischen FOI entwickelt. DADNE ist unloslich in Wasser, wenig loslich in Acetonitril und Cyclohexanon und loslich in DMSO, Dimethylformamid und N-Methylpyrrolidon. Es kann zu allergischen Hautreaktionen ftihren. 

Alkylzinc iodides These reagents are prepared by reaction of alkyl iodides with Zn/Cu in toluene-N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA). In the presence of 1 equiv. of chlorotrimethylsilane they can add to aldehydes to form alcohols. DMA may be replaced as the cosolvent by N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), but HMPT retards this reaction. This reaction can be used to obtain y-, 8-, and e-hydroxy esters from P-, y-, and 8-zinc esters (equation I). 

Opaque perylene pigment varieties are treated in ball mills, either in the presence or absence of milling auxiliaries. The pigments are typically heated to 80 to 150°C in solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone, isobutanol, diethylene glycol, N-methylpyrrolidone, possibly in the presence of water. 

Finer particle sizes are obtained if l,9-anthrapyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid chloride is condensed with 1-aminoanthraquinone in a dipolar aprotic solvent (such as N-methylpyrrolidone) at a temperature between 70 and 110°C. The reaction may be accelerated by using a proton acceptor such as triethylamine or tert-butanol,... 

Heating 101 with aqueous sodium hydroxide in diethyleneglycol monomethyl-ether or with alkali acetate, a reaction which may also be performed in other polar organic solvents, such as dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, or di-methylacetamide at 150°C to 210°C, also provides pyranthrone. As an alternative, 101 may be cyclized to form pyranthrone in a two-phase reaction, carried out in the presence of quarternary ammonium salts in a phase-transfer system comprising an aqueous and an organic phase [20]. 

Intermediates such as 224 resulting from the nudeophilic addition of C,H-acidic compounds to allenyl ketones such as 222 do not only yield simple addition products such as 225 by proton transfer (Scheme 7.34) [259]. If the C,H-acidic compound contains at least one carbonyl group, a ring dosure is also possible to give pyran derivatives such as 226. The reaction of a similar allenyl ketone with dimethyl mal-onate, methyl acetoacetate or methyl cyanoacetate leads to a-pyrones by an analogous route however, the yields are low (20-32%) [260], The formation of oxaphos-pholenes 229 from ketones 227 and trivalent phosphorus compounds 228 can similarly be explained by nucleophilic attack at the central carbon atom of the allene followed by a second attack of the oxygen atom of the ketone at the phosphorus atom [261, 262], Treatment of the allenic ester 230 with copper(I) chloride and tributyltin hydride in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) affords the cephalosporin derivative 232 [263], The authors postulated a Michael addition of copper(I) hydride to the electron-... 

Poly(enaminoamide)-type polymers (192) were obtained in 89-97% yields when 1 1 mixtures of diamine (4,4 -methyIenediphenyldiamine,p-phenylenediamine, or o-phenylenediamine) and EMME were heated in the presence of a solvent (N-methylpyrrolidone, trifluoroacetic acid, or m-cresol) or in the melt at 155-195°C under nitrogen for 2-12 hr (78MI2). 

The reactivity of Ni(0)(bpy) complexes toward organic halides (RX Phi, PhCH2Cl, 4-MeOC6H4Br, CeHnBr, and so on) are shown to be dependent on the amount of the ligands present in an N-methylpyrrolidone solution [291]. 

Fluorinated poly(imide-ether-amide)s are readily soluble in organic solvents like dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), pyridine or tetrahydrofu-ran (THF) and give flexible films by casting of such solutions. These polymers exhibit decomposition temperatures above 360°C, and glass transition temperatures in the 221-246° C range. The polymer films have a low dielectric constant and tough mechanical properties. 

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