Myoblasts apoptosis

Riuzzi F, Sorci G, Donato R. 2006. The amphoterin (HMGB1 (/receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) pair modulates myoblast proliferation, apoptosis, adhesiveness, migration, and... 

Prenylation also influences the balance between myocyte viability and apoptosis. Statin-induced apoptosis has been demonstrated in vitro, using myotubes [84], myoblasts [85], and differentiated primary human skeletal muscle cells [86], This effect can be reproduced by geranyl-geranyl-transferase inhibitors, and rescued by replacement of mevalonic acid [84], Compelling evidence suggests that statins cause apoptosis in skeletal muscle by disrupting the prenylation of small G proteins like Rho [85],... 

Rab [87], and Rap [84], For example, statins induce apoptosis at concentrations that suppress the prenylation of Rap la (a 21 kDa GTPase) [84], and Itagaki et al. have shown that this process is accompanied by the redistribution of small G proteins in myoblasts [88], It remains unclear, however, whether the altered prenylation of small G-proteins is necessary and sufficient to produce myopathy in vivo, or whether myocyte apoptosis is first activated by disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis following mitochondrial injury. 

Suarez Korsness, M. et al., Induction of apoptosis by YTX in myoblast cell lines via mitochondrial signalling transduction pathway, Toxicol In Vitro, 20, 1419, 2006. 

In neuroblastoma cell lines [37,38], HeLa S3 cells [39], and myoblasts [40,46] yessotoxin-induced cell death occurred through apoptosis, associated with activation of caspases. hi the case of myoblasts, formation of apoptotic bodies has also been observed [40], and apoptosis may occur through activation of the mitochondrial pathway [46]. In contrast, apoptosis was not the primary cause of death in IPLB-LdFB and 3T3 cells exposed to yessotoxin, and it was suggested that lysosomal damage was the trigger for cell death in these cells [42]. 

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