Multi-scale modelling strategy

In the following, the key issues and related models at different scales in PEMFCs are outlined in Section 3.2. In Section 3.3, the multi-scale strategies across neighboring scales are summarized and compared. The typical applications based on coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) method areal so exhibited to discuss the multi-scale modeling techniques in PEMFC. However, there are still some major challenges and limitations in these modeling and simulations, as summarized in Section 3.4. 

A key application of the multi-scale modeling formulation discussed previously is to determine munerically the appropriate macro-scale material parameters for use in a macroscale model, see for example Zohdi and Wriggers [15]. The solution of the macro-scale model can then be performed using mature finite element software in a fraction of the time that it would take to do a full multi-scale simulation. The motivation for adopting this strategy would be to capture as closely as possible the micro-scale material parameters, for use at the macro-scale. 

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