Multi-point covalent immobilization

It is also possible to distort the three-dimensional structure of the enzymes during the multi-point covalent immobilization step with the purpose of altering (improving) its selectivity towards non-natural substrates. 

The most successful immobilization techniques for DNA or oligonucleotides appear to be those involving multi-site attachment—either electrochemical or physical adsorption—or single-point attachment— mainly covalent immobilization or strept(avidin)/biotin linkage [26]. As an example, single-point covalent immobilization can be performed on... 

However, the focus of the major part of the chapters lies on the coupling chemistry used for DNA immobilization. Successful immobilization techniques for DNA appear to either involve a multi-site attachment of DNA (preferentially by electrochemical and/or physical adsorption) or a single-point attachment of DNA (mainly by surface activation and covalent immobilization or (strept)avidin-biotin linkage). Immobilization methods described here comprise physical or electrochemical adsorption, cross-linking or entrapment in polymeric films, (strept)avidin-biotin complexation, a surface activation via self-assembled monolayers using thiol linker chemistry or silanization procedures, and finally covalent coupling strategies. 

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