Motor vehicles

Certain types of equipment are specifically excluded from the scope of the directive. It is self-evident that equipment which is already regulated at Union level with respect to the pressure risk by other directives had to be excluded. That is the case with simple pressure vessels, transportable pressure equipment, aerosols and motor vehicles. Other equipment, such as carbonated drink containers or radiators and piping for hot water systems are excluded from the scope because of the limited risk involved. Also excluded are products which are subject to a minor pressure risk which are covered by the directives on machinery, lifts, low voltage, medical devices, gas appliances and on explosive atmospheres. A further and last group of exclusions refers to equipment which presents a significant pressure risk, but for which neither the free circulation aspect nor the safety aspect necessitated their inclusion. 

California Energy Commission, Cost and Availability ofEow Emission Motor Vehicles and Euels, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 1989. 

W. Carter, Ocyone Reactivity Analysis of Emissionsfrom Motor Vehicles, (Draft Report for the Western Liquid Gas Association), Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, University of California at Riverside, July 11, 1989. 

S. Albu, "California s Regulatory Perspective on Alternate Euels," 13th North American Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Conf (Tampa, Fla., Dec. 11—14, 1990), Mobile Source Division, California Air Resources Board, El Monte, Calif. 

CAL = California MVSS = Motor Vehicle Safety Standard UL = Underwriter s Laboratory. 

Specific Tests. Federal (United States) Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (MVSS) 302 is used to measure the burning behavior of materials used in automobile interiors. A specimen is mounted horizontally and ignited for 15 seconds. The burning rate should be below 10 cm /min. The test specimen is 35.5 X 10.1 cm by the actual thickness (up to 1.3 cm). Automakers typically impose more severe criteria than the 10 cm /min in the standard. 

In vinyls, the aryl phosphates are frequently used in combinations with phthalate plastici2ers. The proportion of the more expensive phosphate is usually chosen so as to permit the product to reflably pass the flammability specifications. In plastici2ed vinyls used in automotive interiors, these phosphates are used to pass the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 302. 

Alcohol. The number of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUl) cases reflects the enormity of the dmnken driving problem in the United States (9). Tests to measure blood alcohol concentration are conducted on blood, urine, or breath (10). In the case of urine and breath, the alcohol concentration measured is reported in terms of the equivalent blood alcohol concentration. Most states in the United States presume that a person is under the influence of alcohol with respect to driving a motor vehicle at a blood alcohol concentration of 0.10%, ie, an ethanol concentration >10 g/100 mL of blood. Some states maintain a lower necessary concentration of 0.08%. In some European countries levels are as low as 0.05%. A blood alcohol concentration of 0.10% in a 68-kg (150-lb) person is the equivalent of about four drinks of 80 proof alcohoHc beverage or four 340-g (12-oz) beers in the body at the time of the test (see Beer Beverage spirits, distilled Wine). Ethanol is metabolized at the equivalent rate of about one drink per hour. 

WorldMotor Vehicle Data, 1992 Edition, Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the U.S. A., Inc., Detroit, Mich., 1992. 

About 42% of the ethylene glycol produced domestically is used as a nonvolatile antifreeze for Hquid-cooled motor vehicles (35) see Antifreezes and DEICING fluids). With smaller cars and reduced change frequency, antifreeze demand is stable. 

Manufacturer s Guide for Safety Equipment Services, American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, Washington, D.C., 1979. 

American National Standards Institute, Safety Codefor Safety Gla ng Materials for Motor Vehicles Operating on FandFFghwajs, No. Z26.1—1983, SDO, New York, 1983. 

Transportation equipment Manufacture of motor vehicles, truck and bus bodies, motor-vehicle parts and accessories, aircraft and parts, ship and boat building, repairing motorcycles and bicycles and parts, etc. Metal scrap, glass, fiber, wood, rubber, plastics, cloth, paints, solvents, petroleum products... 

NoU It is possible that at some loealioiis there is no a.e. source available, such as (or battery-operated lifts iirul motor vehicles,. Such applications may also call for a variable d.e. source. When it is so. it can be achieved with the use of a chopper circuit which uses the conventional semiconductor devices. The devices are switched at high repetitive frequencies to obtain the required variation in the output voltage as with the use of a phase-controlled lliyristor rectifier, A typical chopper circuit is shown in Ingure 6.2, i. using diodes and a controlled unidirectional semieonduetor switch, which can be a thyristor or tin IGBT. 

Figure 5.2 Engineering changes in the design and planning cycle of a motor vehicle under Japanese and Western practices (Sullivan, 1987)...

Annual Motor Vehicle Sales in the United States"... 

What are the physical constraints in placing instrumentation in aircraft or motor vehicles ... 

The behavior of these pollution roses is intuitively plausible, because considerable hydrocarbon emissions come from motor vehicles which are operated in both winter and summer and travel throughout the urban area. On the other hand, sulfur dioxide is released largely from the burning of coal and fuel oil. Space heating emissions are high in winter and low in summer. The SO2 emissions in summer are probably due to only a few point sources, such as power plants, and result in low average concentrations from each direction as well as large directional variability. 

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