Monoclonal antibodies disulfide cross-links

More productive chemical results, which stiU harness the destructive action of ultrasound on certain bonds, can be attained when sonication is applied to biological fluids (e.g. protein solutions) en route to bionanomaterials [15], A conspicuous example can be found in sonochemically-prepared protein microspheres, in which the interplay of mechanical effects (emulsification) and chemical effects (formatiOT of transient species) is noticeable. A protein emulsion is readily created at the interface between two immiscible liquid phases, while radicals generated by water sonolysis promote disulfide bond cross-linking between cysteine residues. Surface modifications, via conjugation with monoclonal antibodies or RGD-containing peptides, can also be carried out [102, 103]. The sonochemical preparation of chitosan microspheres also exploits the intermolecular cross-linking of imine bonds from the sugar precursor [104]. 

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