Molecules disorganized

Heat is a form of energy leicking information. The term heat, as used in this context, is equivalent to, say, uncorrelated photons in a crystal, or the random motion of molecules in a gas. It represents vibrational energy which tends to disorganize, rather than organize, systems. 

Fig. 1.5 A scheme of hydration (1) cation, (2) primary hydration sheath (water molecules form a tetrahedron), (3) secondary hydration shell, (4) disorganized water, (5) normal water... 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 1260—1262.) Paclitaxel is a large structural molecule that contains a 15 membered taxane ring system. This anti cancer agent is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the Pacific yew tree. Its chemotherapeutic action is related to the microtubules in the cell. Paclitaxel promotes microtubule assembly from dimers and causes microtubule stabilization by preventing depolymerization. As a consequence of these actions, the microtubules form disorganized bundles, which decreases... 

Membrane conformational changes are observed on exposure to anesthetics, further supporting the importance of physical interactions that lead to perturbation of membrane macromolecules. For example, exposure of membranes to clinically relevant concentrations of anesthetics causes membranes to expand beyond a critical volume (critical volume hypothesis) associated with normal cellular function. Additionally, membrane structure becomes disorganized, so that the insertion of anesthetic molecules into the lipid membrane causes an increase in the mobility of the fatty acid chains in the phospholipid bilayer (membrane fluidization theory) or prevent the interconversion of membrane lipids from a gel to a liquid form, a process that is assumed necessary for normal neuronal function (lateral phase separation hypothesis). 

In addition to the electrorepulsive effect, iontophoresis may also enhance drug delivery by electroosmosis. Small ions like Na+, if included, for example, as part of a buffer system in a formulation, may be iontophoresed into the skin and carry with them solvating water molecules. These molecules may in turn carry other penetrants with them into the membrane, and in this way iontophoresis may also enhance the delivery of uncharged drug species. Iontophoresis, as well as electroosmosis, may also generally disorganize the intercellular lipids and produce a membrane more permeable to penetrants. 

Some compounds show meso-phases between the solid and liquid phases. These phases are classified into two kinds, namely liquid crystals in which the molecules have orientational order and disorganized position in one or more dimensions, and plastic crystal in which the molecules have organized positions and orientational disorder. Although the component ions in ILs are largely disordered, the appearance of liquid crystalline or plastic crystal phases could be the function of ion structures, when component ions have a tendency towards orientational or positional ordering by alignment of the ions and/or interaction among ions. Onium salt-type plastic crystals have been reported by MacFarlane [12,39]. 

---