Moisture in Industrial Materials

Moisture analyzers include a large variety of designs listed here. The list includes their inaccuracies (1) electrolytic hygrometer (2-5% FS), (2) capacitance (3% FS), (3) impedance (3% FS), (4) piezoelectric (10% AR or 2 ppm by volume), (5) heat of adsorption, (6) infrared (0.5-1% FS), (7) microwave (for a 1-15% moisture range, error is within 0.5%, less if corrected for density), (8) Karl Fischer titrator (0.5-1% FS), (9) drying oven (0.5-1% FS), (10) dipole, (11) cavity ring down, (12) fast neutron (0.2% in solid s density corrected), and (13) radio-frequency absorption (5 ppm). 

Post-Oil Energy Technology After the Age of Fossil Fuels 

Type Range Sample Phase Sample System Required Remarks 

Change of capacitance 0-10 to 0-1,000 ppm Clean gas or liquids a Sample temperature must be constant 

Impedance type 0-20,000 ppm Clean gas or liquids No, only for liquids Sample temperature of liquids must be constant 

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