Modification of Surface States

In the previous section, adsorbate-induced surface-state shifts have been named as one hallmark distinguishing surface states from bulk bands. Generally, the sensitivity of surface states to changes of the potential in the surface region allows to manipulate surface states, for example, by reconstruction, nanostructuring, or by adsorption of atoms and molecules. In this section, we give two examples illustrating modification of surface states by these three principles. 

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