Modification of Macroscopic Transducers with Nanomaterials

There is an enormous variety of nanomaterials that can potentially be employed in biosensor architectures. The most prominent among them are metal nanoparticles [304], quantum dots [308], and carbon nanotubes [309-311]. AH of them have been employed in biosensors though not necessarily exclusively electrochemical biosensors. Quantum dots (QDs) offer unique absorption properties making them highly suitable for the construction of biosensors with optical readout. The most diverse electrochemical nanobiosensors are, however, obtained from carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which offer a wide range of different apphcations. 

This section highlights two trends in nanobiosensing. First, the use of nanofiuid-ics [321, 322] in biosensing and, second, the use of nanoelectrodes [307] and nanoelectrode arrays [323] will be briefiy discussed. 

---