Microwave-ultrasound combined reactors

Chemat, F., Poux, M., Di Martino, J.-L. and Berlan, J., An original microwave-ultrasound combined reactor suitable for organic synthesis application to pyrolysis and esterification,. Microwave Power Electromag. 

Lagha, A., Chemat, S., Bartels, P.V. and Chemat, F., Microwave-ultrasound combined reactor suitable for atmospheric sample preparation procedure of biological and chemical products, Analusis, 1999, 27, 452. 

Chemat, F., M. Poux, J. L. Martino, and J. Berlan, An Original Microwave-Ultrasound Combined Reactor Suitable for Organic Synthesis Apphcation to Pyrolysis and Esterification, J. Microwave Pofwer and Electromag. Energy, 31, 2P(1996). 

A combination of different techniques can frequently improve yields of final compounds or synthetic conditions, for example a reunion of direct electrochemical synthesis and simultaneous ultrasonic treatment of the reaction system [715]. Reunion of microwave and ultrasonic treatment was an aim to construct an original microwave-ultrasound reactor suitable for organic synthesis (pyrolysis and esterification) (Fig. 3.7) [716], The US system is a cup horn type the emission of ultrasound waves occurs at the bottom of the reactor. The US probe is not in direct contact with the reactive mixture. It is placed a distance from the electromagnetic field in order to avoid interactions and short circuits. The propagation of the US waves into the reactor occurs by means of decalin introduced into the double jacket. This liquid was chosen by the authors of Ref. 716 because of its low viscosity that induces good propagation of ultrasonic waves and inertia towards microwaves. 

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