Microwave heating duration

The aim of the present investigation is to study the influence of microwave pretreatment of fresh orange peels on the extraction time of orange pectin and the influence of the intensity and duration of microwave heating on pectin yield. 

Labeling in the microwave oven is usually carried out at 37°C for 15 min. Longer durations and higher temperatures may result in undesirable changes in antibody concentration and molarity of the salts and pH. After heat treatment, the sections should be kept at room temperature for at least 2 min to stabilize the antibody-antigen complexes. The step-by-step procedure for microwave heat-assisted immunolabeling of resin-embedded thin sections for electron microscopy follows (Rangell and Keller, 2000) ... 

Microwave heat-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used for measuring anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies in kidney serum (Van Dorp et al., 1991) The presence of GBM antibodies is one of the characteristics of Goodpasture s syndrome. The application of microwave heating reduces the duration of incubation to assay circulating anti-GBM autoantibodies. 

Figure 7.4A and 7.4B show the temperature-dependent absmption spectra of thymol blue and the assay temperature calibration curve for microwave heating up to 60 seconds, respectively. From these calibration plots, a 20 second microwave exposure (140 W, 2.45 GHz), results in a temperature junq) of - 6 C (to 28 C) for 30 )il of sample. Hence, with this calibration curve, one can simply change the assay surface temperature by changing the duration of the microwave heating. 

Fig. 9.1 Self-assembled pattern for NSL. SEM images, demonstrating the shrinkage of the gaps between aligned PS beads upon microwave heating [16]. The size control of nanostructures was thus obtained. The heating durations were (a) 0, (b) 90, (c) 100, and (d) 110 s. The sctde bar is 300 nm (From Ref. [16])...

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