Microcystins hepatic uptake

Lu H, Choudhuri S, Ogura K, Csanaky IL, Lei X, Cheng X, Song P-z, and Klaassen CD (2008) Characterization of organic anion transporting polypeptide lb2-null mice Essential role in hepatic uptake/toxicity of phalloidin and microcystin-LR. Toxicol... 

Runnegar, M.T., Bemdt, N., Kaplowitz, N. (1995). Microcystin uptake and inhibition of protein phosphatases effects of chemoprotectants and self-inhibition in relation to known hepatic transporters. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 134 264-72. 

The immunoaffinity purification method, followed by LC/MS analysis, has also been used in other toxicological studies. When aged mice (32 weeks) were orally administered microcystin-LR at 500 pg/kg, 62% of the aged mice showed hepatic injury, whereas such changes in the liver were not found in young mice (5 weeks).Upon uptake of orally administered microcystin-LR at 500 pg/ kg, the toxin into the liver was confirmed by Frit-FAB LC/MS after the immunoaffinity purification. When microcystin-LR was intraperitoneally injected 100 times at 20 pg/kg into male ICR mice (5 weeks old, Charles River Japan, Atsugi, Japan) for 28 weeks, multiple hyperplastic nodules up to 5 mm in diameter were observed in every liver. Microcystin-LR and its cysteine conjugate were identified from the isolated mouse livers. 

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