Metastable stales

Figure 14.12 Essentials of a ruby laser. A cylindrical rod of ruby is illuminated by a helical xenon flashlamp which pumps a significant fraction of the Cr + ions into the F excited states. Nonradiative relaxation to the metastable stale creates a population inversion which produces the red laser emission. The righi-luiiid mirror on the ruby rod is partly transmitting to allow output of the laser beam.

If tricky programming is carried out for some nonequilibrium purposes, things are not so easy to foresee, but the PES phenomenology could be helpful whether the changes are stow so that quasi-equilibrium is reached or, conversely, very rapid so that a memory feature generates a metastable stale by quenching any possible change. 

Fig. 3 Scheme of a metastable stale (M) in a plot of the free energy F as a function of the rader parameter (0). AF represents an activation barrier bringing the system from the metastable state M to the equilibrium state E [33]... 

Absorption. The absorption process, which competes with stimulated emission, is depicted in Figure 7-5d. Here, iwophotonswiihcnergicsexactlycqual to (A, E ) are absorbed to produce the metastable excited stale shown in Figure 7-.sd(3) note that this... 

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