Metallurgy electrorefining

Usually electrorefining is a major unit operation of extractive metallurgy modern industrial plants operate with high current efficiency (the unused current is mainly wasted by leakage currents to the ground and anode to cathode short circuits) as a result of improved monitoring and control systems. 

M. Stelter, H. Bombach, Investigations on copper electrorefining at high current densities, Copper 2003 - Cobre 2003, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Santiago, Chile, 2003, pp. 555-567. 

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