Metal oxides various electrolyte concentrations

Anodized films are most often applied to protect aluminum alloys. However there are processes for other metals such as titanium, zinc, and magnesium. Anodized titanium is used in dental implants and sometimes in art and costume jewelry because it generates various colors without dyes. Each color depends on a specific thickness of the oxide [9]. To ensure the preparation of a consistent oxide layer, one must control conditions such as electrolytic concentrations, acidity, and current. Also a sealing process is often needed to achieve corrosion resistance because thick coatings (oxide layers) are generally porous. 

In contrast with their oxide counterparts, CaFj and PbFj can form fluorite-type solid solutions with fluorides of higher-valency metals such as YFj, BiFj, UF4, etc. They are expressed, for example, by Cai xYxF2+x, in which the excess F" ions are accommodated in the interstitial sites, forming various kinds of clusters with Vp, depending on the concentration of F . They are usually good F solid electrolytes, and the conductivity of Pbj.xBixFj+x (x = 0.25) is shown in Figure 6.3 as an example. 

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