Metal ion in biological systems

H. Siegel, ed.. Metal Ions in Biological Systems, Vol. 12, Properties of Copper, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1981, p. 384. 

Tu, A. J., Heller, M. J. Structure and Stability of Metal-Nucleoside Phosphate Complexes, in Metal Ions in Biological Systems Vol. 1 (ed. Sigel, H.), p. 1, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York 1974... 

Petering DH (1973) In Sigel H (ed) Metal ions in biological systems, vol 11, Marcel Dekker, New York... 

Bodaly RA, St. Louis VL, Paterson MJ, Fudge RJP, Hall BD, Rosenberg DM, Rudd JWM. 1997. Bioaccumulation of mercury in the aquatic food chain in newly flooded areas. In Sigel A, Sigel H, editors, Metal ions in biological systems, Vol. 34 Mercury and its effects on environment and biology. New York (NY) Marcel Dekker Inc., p. 259-287. 

Yano, S. Otsuka, K. In Metal Ions in Biological Systems, Sigel, A. Sigel, H., Eds. Marcel Dekker New York, 1996 p 27. 

Sposito G., Page A.L. In Circulation of Metal Ions in the Environment Metal Ions in Biological Systems. New York Marcel Dekker, 1984. 

In the course of evolution, the importance of particular metal ions in biological systems has ebbed and flowed, as a function of environmental conditions. Before the arrival of photosynthesis, when there was no oxygen, elements like Fe and Ni were extremely important, whereas, for example, Cu was virtually inaccessible for reasons of solubility. With the arrival of an oxidizing environment, Ni virtually disappeared from the equation, Cu became bioavailable, and Fe, although it was now insoluble and poorly available, had proved of such fundamental importance in biological catalysis that specific systems were developed for its uptake from the environment, such that it continues to play a key role in life as we know it today. 

Fig. 2.7. Characteristic rate constants (s 1) for substitution of inner-sphere H20 of various aqua ions. Note The substitution rates of water in complexes ML(H20)m will also depend on the symmetry of the complex (adapted from Frey, C.M. and Stuehr, J. (1974). Kinetics of metal ion interactions with nucleotides and base free phosphates in H. Sigel (ed.), Metal ions in biological systems (Vol. 1). Marcel Dekker, New York, p. 69).

Sigel, H., Ed. "Metal Ions in Biological Systems" Vol. 7, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978. 

Since 1960, a very large number of other synthetic macrocycles has been prepared and this has resulted in a great increase in interest in all aspects of the chemistry of macrocyclic systems. From about this time there has also been enhanced interest in the role of metal ions in biological systems and many such bioinorganic studies have involved complexes of both natural and synthetic macrocycles. Thus there has been an element of cross-fertilization between these two developing areas, viz ... 

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