Metabolism nutrition

The chapters on integration of metabolism, nutrition, digestion and absorption, and vitamins and minerals have been completely re-written. 

AHERNE s A and o brien n m (2002) Dietary flavonols chemistry, food content, and metabolism , Nutrition, 18, 75-81. 

Metabolic/Nutritional - Edema, peripheral edema (5% or more) dehydration, diabetes mellitus, fluid overload (2% to less than 5%). 

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue. This will lead to bone fragility and consequent increase in bone fracture risk. Mean bone mineral density (BMD) is measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and expressed in Tsc (Tscore). WHO standards are a Tsc that is 1 standard deviation (SD) below mean BMD is graded as normal bone, Tsc between 1 and 1.5 SD below mean BMD is graded as osteopenia and a Tsc of more than 2.5 SD below mean BMD is graded as osteoporosis. When the Tsc is below 1.5 SD mean BMD prevention of osteoporosis must be initiated. Primary osteoporosis is caused mainly by hormone deflciency in both women and men. Secondary osteoporosis may result from endocrine, metabolic, nutritional and autoimmune causes or from immobility because of trauma. Also the use of medicaments such as corticosteroids may be contributing. 

Kumps A, Duez P, Mardens Y (2002) Metabolic, nutritional, iatrogenic, andartifactual sources of urinary organic acids a comprehensive table. Clin Chem 48 708-717... 

Aheme, S.A. and O Brien, N.M., Dietary flavonols Chemistry, food content, and metabolism, Nutrition, 18,75, 2002. 

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