Mean field electrostatics charged point dipoles

It is quite obvious that the best representation of this potential consists in constructing contour lines maps (Figs. 1, 2). Such pictures are often very effective, but have the limitation that several sections are necessary to represent the potential in space, and they do not lend themselves easily to further calculations. These diagrams, sometimes not easy to interpret, will be discarded by the chemist in favor of a more tangible and familiar description, based on point charges and electric multipoles, especially dipoles. The problem is then to reproduce as well as possible the electrostatic field created by the molecules by means of these point charges and these dipoles. 

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