Maximal connectivity stack

One solution may be to stack several functionalized planar electrodes. The stacked electrode layers will retain high conductivity—with high enzyme loading and efficient DET—but the power output will be limited by mass transport of electron acceptors/donors to the bioelectronic surface. As an alternative, porous 3D electrode architectures can allow effective mass transport of electrochemical species while the topology of the electronic interface maximizes surface area, which promotes efficient catalyst loading and ET [78]. Porous electrode stmetures have been described as having three levels of scale macro, meso, and nano (Figure 10.6) [23]. Macroscale pores allow for fluid flow, whereas mesoscale structures are responsible for connectivity and transition of material properties from bulk to nanoscale. The nanomaterials relevant for BFCs can be described as discrete, prefabricated, conductive structures... 

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