Maternity rights

Chia The problem with cyclin A is that there is a maternal component, and the GMC division is blocked. The problem here is that the reason why these phenotypes are seen is because you have to hit it just right, with just enough kinase activity to divide but not enough to do it right. 

Robert Richards. So when you have those traits, which do not seem to have any purchase on success and reproduction, then I think you re perfectly right to be very sceptical about that, but take some other kinds of traits, something that is almost as ambiguous as rape. Because rape occurs under a lot of different conditions and in some cases you re not quite sure how to evaluate the behaviour and so on. But, as we were talking at coffee, what about maternal attachment Now that s a fairly vague concept as well. It is the kind of response a mother will have for an infant. That attachment, and again, very often vaguely described, but one can focus on particular aspects of it. Let me just ask you - do you think this is ripe for evolutionary analysis So that s the basic question. 

Animal data include an inhalation study in rabbits that resulted in an increased incidence of retroesophageal right subclavian artery in the fetuses (Hayes et al. 1985), and an oral study in rats that resulted in an increased incidence of an extra rib (NTP 1987). The data were considered sufficient to derive an acute-duration inhalation MRL of 0.8 ppm, based on a NOAEL of 300 ppm for lack of developmental effects in rabbits. It would be useful to have additional information on the developmental effects of 1,4-dichlorobenzene by inhalation and oral exposure in relation to maternal toxicity. There are currently no data available for the dermal route. Information on the developmental effects of dermal exposures would be useful if dermal absorption and systemic distribution of 1,4-dichlorobenzene could be demonstrated in toxicokinetic studies. 

No fetal anatomic defects were observed in rats and mice at doses ranging from 0.05 to 75mg/kg-/day. Adverse developmental effects, such as impaired righting reflexes, have been observed in rats at doses below those required to produce maternal toxicity. ... 

Fig. 10.6. Detection of rare fetal erythrocytes in the maternal circulation. The fetal erythrocytes are HbF positive and low in autofluorescence. The cells in R1 are displayed and enumerated in the bottom right histogram. From Davis (1998).

Figure 2 Initial adhesion of a human blastocyst to endometrial surface epitheha mediated by trophinin. A human blastocyst secretes glycoprotein hormone, hCG. It is likely that a human blastocyst expresses homophilic adhesion molecule trophinin on the trophectoderm surface at embryonic pole in a similar manner as a monkey blastocyst does (36). When the blastocyst comes close to the endometrial epithelia cells, high concentration of hCG derived from blastocyst affects locally the maternal epithelia (left) and induces trophinin expression in narrowly limited region of endometrial epithelia (center) (38). The blastocyst and endometrial epithelia then adhere to each other through trophinin-trophinin binding (right).

Further provisions of the pregnant and breastfeeding workers directive concern night work, maternity leave, and employment rights, which are not discussed in detail here. 

---