Manufacturing Systems

Early thrust in non-woven usage emphasized replacing traditional knits and woven fabrics in low-end apphcations. Eiuring this initial phase, proprietary technology was used to produce fabric structures that performed not only better than items they were designed to replace, but often when traditional fabrics could not. As a result, new apphcations and markets were established and the industry expanded. Many non-woven products hsted in Fig 10-5 were virtually non-existent a generation ago. 

The basic non-woven manufacturing systems have four principal elements or phases fiber selection and preparation, web formation, web consolidation, and finishing treatments. 

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Extmsion is a common way for soHd products such as plastics to emerge from closed manufacturing systems. Normally a polymer is hot when extmded and may contain additives and oligomers that are volatile at elevated tempera-tures. The result is Aiming at the extmder head. These fumes can result in employee annoyance, housekeeping problems, and, at worst, depending on composition, health ha2ards. 

Nonwoven technologies that employ machinery and processing principles traditionally used to manufacture textile, paper, or extmded materials, when viewed collectively, form what may be termed the primary or basic nonwoven fabric manufacturing systems. These systems are or can be continuous processes. Common to each of these systems are four sequential phases fiber selection and preparation, web formation, bonding, and finishing. 

An outline of the three basic nonwoven manufacturing systems according to parent technology and the four manufacturing phases common to each is given in Table 1. 

Table 1. Basic Nonwoven Fabric Manufacturing Systems...

Albin, S. L. and Crefield, P. J. 1994 Getting Started - Concurrent Engineering for a Medium Sized Manufacturer. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 13(1), 48-58. 

Equipment cells can be replaced by computer-coordinated machines - direct numerical control (DNC), flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), flexible manufacturing cells (EMC) ... 

CAM describes a system that can take a CAD product, devise its essential production steps, and electronically communicate this information to manufacturing equipment such as robots. The CAD/CAM system has offered many advantages over past traditional manufacturing systems, including the need for less design effort through the use of CAD and CAD databases, more efficient material use, reduced lead time, greater accuracy, and improved inventory functions. 

De la Mare, R.F. (1982) Manufacturing Systems Economics, Holt Reinhart and Winston. 

Preconfigured LIMS— This LIMS does not require extensive customer programming. To meet specific needs of end users, the vendors provide a comprehensive suite of configuration tools. These tools allow end users to add new screens, menus, functions, and reports in a rapid and intuitive manner. The tools also allow the LIMS to be more easily integrated with other business applications such as document processing, spreadsheets, and manufacturing systems. 

The preceding set of characteristics and properties of the estimators makes our type of mapping procedures, /, particularly appealing for the kinds of systems that we are especially interested to study, i.e., manufacturing systems where considerable amounts of data records are available, with poorly understood behavior, and for which neither accurate first-principles quantitative models exist nor adequate functional form choices for empirical models can be made a priori. In other situations and application contexts that are substantially different from the above, while much can still be gained by adopting the same problem statements, solution formats and performance criteria, other mapping and search procedures (statistical, optimization theory) may be more efficient. 

Complex manufacturing systems, such as an unbleached Kraft pulp plant (Fig. 9), are almost always characterized by some type of internal structure, composed of a number of interconnected subsystems with their own data collection and decisionmaking responsibilities. This raises a number of additional issues, not addressed in previous sections. For instance, if the learning methodology described in Section VI is applied to the digester module of a pulp plant (Fig. 9), it is possible for the final selected solution, to include ranges of desired values of sulfidity... 

Various technologies and chemicals are used to manufacture pulp, but most pulp manufacturing systems contain the process sequence shown in Table 21.4. Overall, most of the pollutant releases associated with pulp and paper mills occur at the pulping and bleaching stages where the majority of chemical inputs occur. 

Battery limits investment The battery limit is a geographic boundary that defines the manufacturing area of the process. This is that part of the manufacturing system that converts raw materials into products. It includes process equipment and buildings or structures to house it but excludes boiler-house facilities, site storage, pollution control, site infrastructure, and so on. The term battery limit... 

There are, however, significant challenges in obtaining sufficient energy consumption data. It has been proposed that in the future, both the manufacturer of equipment and the operator should use consistent parameters to describe the energy performance of manufacturing systems and that equipment should have standardised metering ports [39]. 

Manufacturing Systems Research Lab, General Motors R D Center, Michigan, USA... 

Kara, S., and Manmek, S., 2010. Impact of manufacturing supply chains on the embodied energy of products, Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Manufacturing Systems, Vienna, Austria, (pp 187-194). 

Muller, E., and Loffler, T., 2010. Energy efficiency at manufacturing plants - A planning approach, Proceedings of 43rd CIRP International Conference on Manufacturing Systems, Vienna, Austria, pp. 5-12. 

Herrmann, C., Bergmann, L., Thiede, S., and Zein, A., 2007. Energy labels for production machines - An approach to facilitate energy efficiency in production systems, Proceedings of 40th CIRP International Seminar on Manufacturing Systems, Liverpool,... 

Types of objective functions and models used in manufacturing system optimization... 

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