Major injury

Accidents minor/major injury and/or material loss Warnings, notices... 

Mr. Toscano provides some 1995 relative risk fatality statistics which compare several industries relative risk with the occupations described above in his Dangerous Jobs article. These numbers are specific to 1995 and involve fatalities, not major injuries. On a typical day about 17 workers in the United States are killed on the job. Thank goodness that job-related fatalities are relatively infrequent for specific standard industry classifications (SIC code), but a large incident in any industry may skew the information from year to year. 

Although S02 is an irritating gas for the eyes and upper respiratory tract, no major injury from exposure to any reasonable concentrations of this gas has been demonstrated in experimental animals. Even exposure to pure gaseous... 

Flear and Clarke (F2) have obtained the impression of improved convalescence after major injury when blood transfusions adequate to prevent the anemia are given. When this has been achieved, and in the absence of major complications, they have not seen the lengthy early stages of convalescence described by Moore and Bail (M14). Such clinical impressions suggest that when there has been generous replacement of blood loss incurred by injury and its treatment, the metabolic picture may be modified. They have not usually found the retention of sodium, chloride, and water in the transfused cases after the first 24 hours, though in nontransfused cases the amounts and period over which they were retained were of the same order as those reported by others to follow surgery. 

F2. Faist, E., Mewes, A., Strasser, T., Walz, A., Alkan, S., Baker, C., Ertel, W., and Heberer, G. Alteration of monocyte function following major injury. Arch. Surg. (Chicago) 123,287-292... 

RS. a 30-year-old woman, fractured her skull in an accident. She had no other major injuries, no significant blood loss, and her cardiovascular system was stable. She was unconscious for two days after the accident. On the fourth day of her admission to hospital she was noted to be producing large volumes of urine and complaining of thirst. Biochemical findings were ... 

Table 11.1 Causes of major injuries (%) in construction. (Maraqa and Mohamed 2013)...

BLS began collecting additional information on the major injuries in the form of worker and incident characteristics. At that time, BLS also initiated a separate CFOI to review events more effectively than had been possible in the previous survey. The CFOl database can be used to do statistical analysis for fatalities by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes. The CFOl fatality data is presented in several different categories as shown below ... 

The major injuries associated with cold conditions are either generalized (affects the whole body) or localized (affects a part of the body). A generalized injury from extremes of cold is hypothermia localized injuries include frostbite and trenchfoot. 

Reportable injuries and dangerous occurrences are defined in regulation 3 of RIDDOR. Further description of Major Injuries is provided in RIDDOR under Schedule 1. Reference to over-three-day injuries in this annual report includes all other RIDDOR reportable injuries that are less severe than Major Injuries. Description of reportable Dangerous Occurrences is provided in Schedule 2. 

This chapter derives from the research done on the Heinrich concepts, one of which is that The predominant causes of no-injuiy accidents are, in average cases, identical with the predominant causes of major injuries — and incidentally of minor injuries as well. That premise is unsound, and the application of it by many safety practitioners has resulted in misdirection of efforts and an ineffective use of resources. This author s research and that of others (Petersen, Allison, Ferry, Benner, and Norman) is cited. 

Many still offer as tmth Heinrich s Foundation of a Major Injury — the 1 29 300 premise, which stated that ... in a unit group of 330 similar accidents occurring to the same person, 300 will result in no injury, 29 will produce minor injuries, and 1 will cause a serious injury. Think about that — 330 similar accidents occurring to the same person. Would that include a fall off a 50-story building ... 

In the same way in all four editions, Heinrich presented his concepts on The Foundation of a Major Injury. He originally stated that in a unit group of 330 accidents, 300 result in no injury, 29 result in minor injury, and 1 results in a major or lost time case (Citation 27). 

Not only have many safety practitioners used the 300 29 1 ratios in their statistical presentations, but they have also misconstrued what Heinrich intended with respect to the terms major injury, minor injury, and no-injury accidents. In each edition, Heinrich gave nearly identical definitions of the accident categories to which the 300 29 1 ratios apply. This is how the definition reads in the fourth edition. 

In the accident group (330 cases), a major injury is any case that is reported to insurance carriers or to the state compensation commissioner. A minor injury is a scratch, bruise, or laceration such as is commonly termed a first-aid case. A no-injury accident is an unplanned event involving the movement of a person or an object, ray, or substance (slip, fall, flying object, inhalation, etc.), having the probability of causing personal injury or property damage. The great majority of reported or major injuries are not fatalities of fractures or dismemberments they are not all lost-time cases,... 

Think about what Heinrich intended for the major injury category. His definition compels the conclusion that any injury requiring more than first aid is a major injury. Then, is it not so that, according to Heinrich s definition, every OSHA recordable injury is a major injury When Heinrich developed his definitions, very few companies were self-insured for workers compensation. Having insurance companies pay for medical-only claims was typical. Almost all such claims would be considered major injuries. 

There are contradictions in Heinrich s texts about when a major injury would occur and the relationship between the occurrences of unsafe acts and a major injury. In the first edition, he states ... 

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