Macroscopic manifestation of non-ideality

There are a large number of modihed interactions which can be considered as contributing to the non-ideality of the electrolyte solution. All of them result in increasing non-ideality as the solute concentration increases. They will be discussed in Chapters 10 and 12. 

of the solution (see Chapter 10, Section 10.6.15). This, in turn, can be considered in the simple primitive treatment of electrolyte solutions to manifest itself as an activity coefficient ]/j, or in a less primitive version as  

In modihed treatments the excess free energy can be considered to manifest itself as  

The term mean activity coefficient is used here, rather than an individual activity coefficient for the cation and the anion, and is dehned in Sections 8.22 and 8.23 and Worked Problems 

The activity coefficient is dehned in terms of the activity and the concentration (see Section 8.21.1). 

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