Luyaponov exponents

Figure 8 Illustration of the use of Luyaponov exponents to describe the efficiency of mantle mixing, (a) Temperature at / = 0. 1,000 X 250 particle pairs distributed uniformly in the area indicated by the black box. The particles in each pair are offset by a horizontal distance of 10 . The small yellow boxes indicate the source regions for heterogeneities I and II. We trace the distance between the particle pairs as they are advected with the flow and plot their distance at (b) t = 0.004 and (c) t = 0.02 in their original location. The black regions correspond to areas where the distance between particle pairs became smaller the colors indicate minor stretching (dark blue) to...

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