Lorentzian shape

In the above equations the parameter as described before, is the screen length, ) is the excluded volume per statistical segment, c is the weight fraction concentration of tagged chain (e.g., a deuterated polymer embedded in a protonated polymer), and Mq is the molecular weight of a monomer. Experimentally, is equal to a half width in the plot of the Lorentzian curve (similar to the Gaussian distribution curve). 

the small-angle neutron scattering experiment can be used to determine the screen length With a small modification the scattering law 5(Q, m) can be put in a different form of Lorentzian equation  

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The actual line shape in a spectrum is a convolution of the natural Lorentzian shape with the Doppler shape. It must be calculated for a given case as there is no simple fomuila for it. It is quite typical in electronic... 

If i = i — ik] and H2 = ns — are known as a function of wavelength, Eq. 12 can be used to calculate the entire RAIR spectrum of a surface film. Since transmission infrared spectroscopy mostly measures k, differences between transmission and RAIR spectra can be identified. Fig. 6 shows a spectrum that was synthesized assuming two Lorentzian-shaped absorption bands of the same intensity but separated by 25 cm. The corresponding spectrum of i values was calculated from the k spectrum using the Kramers-Kronig transformation and is also shown in Fig. 6. The RAIR spectrum was calculated from the ti and k spectra using Eqs. 11 and 12 and is shown in Fig. 7. 

According to the uncertainty principle the non-exponential short-time behaviour of Kt determines the deviation of the high-frequency spectral wings from Lorentzian shape. The actual spectrum obtained by substitution of Eq. (2.53) into Eq. (2.13) is bi-Lorentzian ... 

If the same procedure is applied to real IR or FIR spectra then the deviation from the Lorentzian shape of the spectrum (2.74) may be found in the wings. These are expected to be pronounced in the liquid phase. 

It follows from Eq. (4.75) and Eq. (4.83) that the centre of the collapsed spectrum has the Lorentzian shape... 

Lorentzian shape centered at the original energy of the adsorbate. The choice of the energy zero is the same as in the subsequent two figures, but is irrelevant in this case. 

We consider the same atom as in Case 1, with a valence electron at an orbital energy of = 12.0 eV above the bottom of the sp band, when the atom is far from the surface. This level is narrow, like a delta function. When approaching the surface the adsorbate level broadens into a Lorentzian shape for the same reasons as described above, and falls in energy to a new position at 10.3 eV. From Eq. (73) for Wa(e) we see that the maximum occurs for e = -i- A(e), i.e. when the line described... 

In order to properly take into account the instrumental broadening, the function describing the peak shape must be considered. In the case of Lorentzian shape it is Psize = Pexp - instr while for Gaussian shape p = Pl -Pl tr- In the case of pseudo-Voigt function, Gaussian and Lorentzian contributions must be treated separately [39]. 

In a Mdssbauer transmission experiment, the absorber containing the stable Mdssbauer isotope is placed between the source and the detector (cf. Fig. 2.6). For the absorber, we assume the same mean energy q between nuclear excited and ground states as for the source, but with an additional intrinsic shift A due to chemical influence. The absorption Une, or resonant absorption cross-section cr( ), has the same Lorentzian shape as the emission line and if we assume also the same half width , cr( ) can be expressed as ([1] in Chap. 1)... 

That is, Xw( ) has the Lorentzian shape function. The bandwidth is determined by the damping (or dephasing) constant. 

When the atom comes closer to the metal surface, the electron wave functions of the atom start to feel the charge density of the metal. The result is that the levels 1 and 2 broaden into so-called resonance levels, which have a Lorentzian shape. Strictly speaking, the broadened levels are no longer atomic states, but states of the combined system of atom plus metal, although they retain much of their atomic character. Figure A.9 illustrates the formation of broadened adsorbate... 

Suppose that a pulse Fourier transform proton NMR experiment is carried out on a sample containing acetone and ethanol. If the instrument is correctly operated and the Bq field perfectly uniform, then the result will he a spectrum in which each of the lines has a Lorentzian shape, with a width given hy the natural limit 1/(7tT2). Unfortunately such a result is an unattainable ideal the most that any experimenter can hope for is to shim the field sufficiently well that the sample experiences only a narrow distribution of Bq fields. The effect of the Bq inhomogeneity is to superimpose an instrumental lineshape on the natural lineshapes of the different resonances the true spectrum is convoluted by the instrumental lineshape. 

Most peaklike functions become more gaussianlike when convolved with one another. One notable exception of interest to spectroscopists is the Cauchy function, which is the familiar Lorentzian shape assumed by lines in the spectra of gases subject to pressure broadening ... 

When simple electrical RC filters are treated, the truncated exponential e, x,H(x) is indispensable. Its transform is given by (2n) 1/2(1 — jco)/( 1 + co2). If the truncated exponential is reflected about the origin, eliminating H(x) and leaving e x, the imaginary part of the transform disappears. We obtain the transform (2/7c)1/2/(l + co2). This is the resonance contour, Cauchy distribution, or Lorentzian shape encountered previously in Section III.B. 

In liquids the interactions between neighboring molecules are considerably more complicated than in gases. The resultant broadening obliterates the fine line structure seen in gas spectra, leaving only broad band profiles. There are many possible contributors to this broadening. In some cases, adequate approximation is obtained by assuming that the band contour is established by collisions. Ramsay (1952) has noted that substitution of appropriate molecular density and collision diameter numbers in the collision broadening formula results in realistic band widths for certain liquid-phase systems. In such systems, the bands typically show an approximately Lorentzian profile. Approximate deconvolution of inherently broadened liquid-phase spectra may therefore be obtained on the basis of the assumption of Lorentzian shape (Kauppinen et al., 1981). 

The Lorentzian shape of x-ray emission lines is well founded in quantum theory and has been substantiated experimentally (Hoyt, 1932). Siegbahn et al. (1967) discuss the aluminum anode x-ray source as applied to ESCA. Beatham and Orchard (1976) list doublet separations and half-widths derived from the literature and optimized by computer simulation. Kallne and Aberg (1975) and Senemaud (1968) also provide values. 

In conventional spectroscopy, analytical models of line profiles have been of great utility. Specifically, we mention the Lorentzian shape,... 

The line shape (3.85) is an example of a Lorentzian shape, whose general form is... 

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